Solenoid Operated Piston Pump Engineering Essay

Solenoid Operated diver Pump Engineering EssayThis project is aimed at analysing and tendencying a solenoid operated plunger nitty-gritty which is cap open of delivering solution (this report assumes water) at a f modest rate of 1 litre/min. However, the customer usage requires the flow rate to retain mingled with 0.9 and 1.1 litre/min at an ambient shove of ab protrude 1 bar.The operation mode of the plunger pump is described down the stairs exploitation the diagram Oscill diverPumpFig 1.1 Solenoid Operated diver Pump1The solenoid coil (4) generates an electromagnetic field by the single wave diode rectified current flowing through the coil. for each(prenominal) 1 current pulse moves the plunger (5) against the pressure imprint (3). This reason reduces the spate in the suction chamber causing an increase in pressure (P a 1/V), which opens the valve (6) in the piston, thereby allowing the liquid to hold up into the pressure side. When the current acting on the soleno id pulse is off, the pressure restrain pushes back the piston toward the pressure side. The increase of pressure caused by the piston movement closes the piston valve (6) and the liquid flows through the valve (7) castigate in the pressure connection (8) and into the pressure pipe. The piston movement alike simultaneously increases the volume in the suction chamber, thereby reducing the pressure below the chamber. The low pressure in the suction chamber opens the valve (2) set in the suction connection (1), and the liquid is sucked into the pump and the cycle starts again. The piston size and the length of its displacement define the flow rate. The pump willing run with step up damage when the liquid flow is stopped momentarily1.This design concentrated on the piston, suction chamber and pressure gives design. Although references were made to the valves and solenoid ride, engineering compendium were non carried come in on them.CHAPTER 2INITIAL ENGINEERING DESIGN ANALYSISThi s indorsementtion considered the engineering digest of the operation of the piston pump to achieve the require specifications. The stipulation specifications beFlow rate Q = 1 Lit/minFrequency F = 60 cycles/secAmbient Pressure = 1 bar utilise the above specifications, the length of cut of the piston, which is also termed as the Swept Volume, can be cypher using the relation belowQ = Volumetime=Volume frequence= d2 L4 fL= 4Qd2fWhere Q = Flow respect =1 lit/min= 1.667 104 mm3/secf = Frequency (cycles/sec)L = Length of stroke/Swept volume (mm)d = Diameter of piston/suction chamber (mm)The diameter was varied from 1 to 20 mm and the be lengths of stroke were obtained at different frequencies of 40, 45, 50, 55 and 60 cycles/sec. The results obtained were plotted (See appendix 1). After cargonful look, the frequence at 40 cycle/sec, so subsequent calculations would be based on this. It was also noticed that reasonable pair of dimensions of the diameter and length occurred mor e or less the diameters 5-10mm, therefore subsequent calculations were based on this range.2.1 LOAD ANALYSISThe load depth psychology was carried out on each component designed as indicated belowA. piston The load analysis on the piston was done by isolating the piston and analysing the draw outs acting it. The different sop ups acting on the piston are as shown below take out on piston causing accelerationMagnetic jam from solenoid coil termination spring powerfulnessKinematic grindingal powerfulness gravitative attract result hydraulic take (including assumed honied effect)This is presumptuous that atomic, sign static frictional legions and temperature effects are negligible.The force analyses were carried out considering three different cases under which the pump operation can undergo. The intake and jut strokes were also analysed separately to reduce complications. The difference between the intake and ejection stroke is that, the magnetic force from the solenoid is zero during ejection, because the solenoid is offCase I This is when the piston pump is used swimmingly, that is, it is used to pump fluid on the same datum. This means that the gravitational effect and the height difference in the hydraulic force will be zero. The relationship between the forces will therefore beIntake strokeForce causing motion = Force from solenoid Resultant spring force Resultant hydraulic force Frictional forceEjection strokeForce causing motion = Resultant spring force Resultant hydraulic force Frictional forceCase II This considered the case when the pump is used to transfer fluid from a higher level to a lower level. This means that the gravitational effect will favour the direction of flow therefore reducing the force needed to drive the piston. The relationship between the forces will therefore beIntake strokeForce causing motion = Force from solenoid Resultant spring force Resultant hydraulic force Frictional force Gravitational forceEjection strokeForce causing motion = Resultant spring force Resultant hydraulic force Frictional force + Gravitational forceCase III This considered the case when the piston pump is used to deliver fluid from a lower level to a higher level. The difference between this case and case II is in the gravitational effect and the datum difference in the hydraulic effect. The design load analysis was done under this circumstance because pumps are usually used for this particular purpose. Even with this design concept, the pump can still be used for otherwise cases, but it might deliver fluid at a higher flow rate, which could still be in the boundaries of the given margin of the flow rate. The relationship between the forces will therefore beIntake strokeForce causing motion = Force from solenoid Resultant spring force Resultant hydraulic force Frictional force + Gravitational forceEjection strokeForce causing motion = Resultant spring force Resultant hydraulic force Frictional force Gr avitational force.The different forces were calculated as follows using the free body diagram of the piston shown belowFigure 2.1 Boundary conditions of intake and ejection strokesForce from solenoid coil= FsForce on piston causing motion = MpaWhere Mp = mass of piston kg and a = acceleration of piston (mm/s2)Mp= V = Density of material (Stainless steel) =810-6 (kg/mm3)V=Volume of fluid displced in one stroke mm3= Q t= Qfwhere f=45 cycles/sec=90 strokes/sec (2 strokes=1 cycle)Mp= Qf=810-6 1.667 10490=1.48210-3From law of motion v2= u2+ 2aSu = 0 a=v22S Also v= St= S fv=Velocity (mm/s) and S= L=Length of stroke (mm)a=L f22L= L f22= L 9022The length was varied from 5 to 10 mm, and different accelerations were obtained (See appendix 2).Resultant spring force = K2x- K1x= xK2- K1= xK Where K1 and K2=Stiffness of springs 1 and 2 respectively (N/mm)x=L=Stoke length (mm)Kinematic frictional force = kN= kMpgWhere k=Coefficient of kinematic friction N=Normal force= Mpgg=acceleration pay able to gravity=9810 mm/s2Gravitational force = MpgHydraulic force = Total neuter in Pressure P (N/mm2)Surface Area of Piston A (mm2)From Bernoulllis comparability P1g+ V122g+ Z1= P2g+ V222g+ Z2P= P1-P2=V22-V122+ ZgQ= A1V1= A2V2 , then(prenominal) V2= QA2= A1V1A2 and V1= QA1P= A1V1A22-V122+ Zg= V122 A1A22- 1+ ZgP= Q22A12A1A22- 1+ ZgWhere Q= Flow rate (mm3/s) , =density of water =110-6 (kg/mm3)A1and A2=Area mm2 and V1 and V2=Velocity (m/s)Z=L=Length of Stroke mmIncluding the campaign coefficient C = 0.98 to account for viscous effect, P therefore becomesP= Q22C2A12A1A22- 1+ Lg Hydraulic force = Q22C2A12A1A22- 1+ LgSurface Area of Piston A mm2= Q22C2A12A1A22- 1+ LgA2- A1The forces were algebraically added according the ejection stroke par developed above (case III) to obtain ?K at different diameter of pistons, fixing inner diameter of Piston D2 (corresponding to A2) = 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5mm (See appendix 3).Force causing motion = Resultant spring force Resultant hydrauli c force Frictional force Gravitational force.Mpa= L K- Q22C2A12A1A22- 1+ LgA2- A1- kMpg- MpgK= 1LMpa+ kg+g+ Q22C2A12A1A22- 1+ LgA2- A1The hydraulic effect is due to the fluid forced out from the suction chamber into the outlet. Therefore the A1 and A2 will be the area of the piston and the outlet, corresponding to diameters D1 and D2 respectively. Also the outlet diameter was assumed to be equal to the inner diameter of the piston.The results obtained for difference in stiffness ?K above, were used to obtain the force from solenoid coil Fs using the injection stroke par above. Also different diameter of piston were used objet dart varying the inner diameter of piston D2 (corresponding to A2) = 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5mm (See appendix 4).Considering the intake stroke equation for case IIIForce causing motion = Force from solenoid Resultant spring force Resultant hydraulic force Frictional force + Gravitational forceMpa= Fs-LK- Q22C2A12A1A22- 1+ LgA1- kMpg+ MpgFs= Mpa+ kg-g+LK + Q22C2A12A1A22- 1+ Lg A1The hydraulic effect is due to the change in pressure as the fluid passes through the piston, because of the reduction in area. Therefore the A1 and A2 will be the area of the piston outer and inner diameter, corresponding to diameters D1 and D2 respectively.B. Pressure Springs The load analysis of the spring was also done by isolating the spring and analysing the forces acting it. Considering the ejection stroke of upper spring (spring 1), the different forces acting on the spring are as shown belowForce on piston causing accelerationSpring forceResultant hydraulic force (including assumed viscous effect)This is assuming that the frictional force on spring is negligible because the surface area contacting the wall is small.Force causing motion = Spring force + Resultant hydraulic forceMpa= LK1+ Q22C2A12A1A22- 1+ Lg A1K1=1LMpa- Q22C2A12A1A22- 1+ Lg A1K2=K1+KWhere Force on springs Fsk=KLength of strokeThe values of stiffness of springs 1 and 2 were calcula ted using the relationships above at different outer and inner diameters of the piston. The graphs were plotted to see the variations (See appendix 5 and 6).C. Inlet Valve and Spring Considering also the inlet valves and analysing the forces acting it, the injection stroke is caused by an increase in volume of the suction chamber, causing a corresponding decrease in pressure. Therefore the different forces acting on the inlet valve are given belowInlet spring force at compressionResultant hydraulic force (including assumed viscous effect)This is assuming that the frictional force and gravitational force on the valve is negligible because the valve is light.Resultant Pressure Change= ?PFrom Gas Law P1V1= P2V2P1 and P2 are the initial and final pressures of both the inlet and suction chamber respectively (N/mm2). The initial pressure P1 is assumed to be equal to the external pressure which is given to be equal to the atmospheric pressure Pa = 1 bar = 0.1 N/mm2. That is why fluid is n ot flowing because there is no pressure difference, or P1 was higher than PaP2= P1V1V2= PaV1V2 where V2=V1+Vs and Vs=Swept Volume per stokeVs=Flow rateFrequency in stroke/sec=1.66710490 =185.22 mm2/strokeP2= P1V1V1+VsP1=Change in pressure due to swept volume= Pa-P2P1=Pa-PaV1V1+Vs=Pa V1+Vs-PaV1 V1+Vs=PaV1-PaV1+PaVsV1+Vs=PaVsV1+VsWhere V1 = VT and it is the total volume of the inlet spring area, suction chamber and the inner stead of the piston.P2=Pressure Change due to area changesP2= Q22C2A12A1A22- 1+ Lg The above pressure change is the sum of the pressure changes from the inlet through suction chamber and into pistons inner diameter. This is negligible because the pressure drops as it enters the suction chamber and increases as it enters the inner diameter of piston, thereby almost cancelling out.P=P1=PaVsVT+VsHydraulic force=spring force at compressionP1A3=PaVsA3VT+Vs= K3x3PaVs=K3x3A3VT+ K3x3A3VsVT=PaVs- K3x3A3VsK3x3A3 Where A3=Inlet area mm2, K3=Inlet Spring Stiffness (N/mm)and x3=Spring movement=Valve lifting mmThe values the total internecine volume VT was obtained at different values of the diameter of the inlet D3 (corresponding to A3). The value of the spring force K3x3 was varied from 0.01 to 0.05 N and the variations were plotted to see an appropriate one (See appendix 7).2.2 Component Design and pickax The component design has been carried out along with the load analysis shown above. The desired dimensions for different components were then selected after a careful study and analysis of the graphs plotted. The dimensions were selected based on those that satisfy the required specifications, reasonably able to be manufactured and can be selected from the manufacturers catalogue as in the case of the springs2. Below are the component dimensionsSolenoidSolenoid Frequency 45cycles/sec = 90 strokes/secForce from solenoid coil 108.8NLength of stroke 7.367 mmPistonPiston outer diameter 8 mmPiston inner diameter 2 mmSpringsPressure spring 1 rate = 5.771 N/mm Force on spring 1 = Rate * length of stroke = 5.771 * 7.367 = 42.515 NPressure spring 2 rate = 14.683 N/mm Force on spring 1 = Rate * length of stroke = 14.683 * 7.367 = 108.17 NFrom the above calculations and estimated values of the spring rates, the most accurate spring elect from the compression spring catalogue are (see appendix 8 and 9)Spring 1 C6609150Wire diameter 1.02 mmOuter Diameter 7.62 mm ingenuous length 15.88 mmRate 5.81 N/mmSpring 2 D22110Wire diameter 1.25 mmOuter Diameter 7.55mmFree length 17mmRate 15.03 N/mmInletInlet spring stiffness = 0.02 N/mmInlet spring length = 9.804 mmInlet diameter = 1.78 mm2.3 Stress Analysis The deform analysis was carried out on just two components as shown below. This was because these are the two components whose failure affects the pump operation most.A. Piston The two vehemencees acting on the piston are normal and gazump seekes which is given as.Stress (N/mm2) sij= Force (N)Area (mm2)The notation is to differentiate betwee n the direction and tack of action, where the first digit represents the plane of action and the second digit represents the direction of force. When the notations are different, it signifies shear stress and when the notations are the same it means normal stress.The force on the piston varies as the piston goes through the cycle, therefore the different forces and principal stresses were calculated as the spring compresses and stretches. This was shown in appendix 10 and 11, but the calculations of the maximum and minimum principal stresses at the springs peak are shown below. The principal stresses were calculated because they are the cause of fracture in a component3.Considering the piston and spring 1Fig 2.2 Stresses acting on piston from spring 1 and wall3s11= 0 because there is no horizontal force in that directions12= Force from SolenoidSurface area of piston= Fsp Do Lp= 108.8p815=0.2886 N/mm2Where D0=Outer diameter of piston mm, Lp=Length of Piston (mm)s22= Force from sprin g 1Outer Area-Inner Area= K1Lp4 Do2- Di2s22=5.771 7.367p4 82- 22= 42.51547.1239=0.9022 N/mm2s21= 0 because there is no horizontal force in that directionConsidering the piston and spring 2s11= 0 because there is no horizontal force in that directions12= Force from SolenoidSurface area of piston= Fsp Do Lp= 108.8p815=0.2886 N/mm2Where D0=Outer diameter of piston mm, Lp=Length of Piston (mm)s22= Force from spring 2Outer Area-Inner Area= K2Lp4 Do2- Di2s22=14.638 7.367p4 82- 22= 107.838147.1239=2.2884 N/mm2s21= 0 because there is no horizontal force in that directionThe total principal stress which is the usual cause of fracture was calculated using the total normal stresses from the springs and the shear stress from solenoid.Total shear stressesTs12=s12 from Spring 1+ s12 from Sprig 2=0.2886+0.2886= 0.5772Total normal stressesTs22=s22 from Spring 1+ s22 from Sprig 2=0.9022+2.2954= 3.1976Therefore the principal stressess11s22- s(s11+s22)+s2-s122=003.1976- s(0+3.1976)+s2-0.57722=0s2-3.19 76s-0.3331=0Principal stresses smin=-0.101 N/mm2, smax=3.2986 N/mm2B. Pressure Springs The major stress acting on the spring is shear stress acting on the coils. The force and consequentially the shear stress on the springs vary as the piston deflection (i.e. length of stroke) increases and decreases. The various forces and shear stresses were calculated and the graph plotted (see appendix 12). But the calculation of the maximum shear stress, which occurs at the full deflection is shown below4Fig 2.4 Force acting on spring4Shear stress tmax= 8FDWpd3Where F=Force on spring ND=Mean outer diameter of spring mmd=diameter of spring coil mmW = Wahl Correction Factor which accounts for shear stress resulting from the springs curvatureW=4C-14C-4+0.615CC=DdConsidering Spring 1Fmax= K1Length of stroke=5.7717.367=42.515 N/mm2D=7.62 mm and d=1.02 mm ?C=Dd= 7.621.02=7.4705W=4C-14C-4+0.615C= 47.4705-147.4705-4+0.6157.4705=1.1982tmax= 8FmaxDWpd3= 842.515 7.621.1982p1.023=931.113 N/mm2Considering S pring 2Fmax= K1Length of stroke=14.6387.367=108.17 N/mm2D=7.55 mm and d=1.25 mm ?C=Dd= 7.551.25=6.04W=4C-14C-4+0.615C= 46.04-146.04-4+0.6156.04=1.2506tmax= 8FmaxDWpd3= 8108.17 7.551.2506p1.253=1331.119 N/mm2CHAPTER 3INITIAL MANUFACTURING DESIGN ANALYSIS3.1 DimensionsThe dimensions of all the main components piston, springs, cylinder and valves had been obtained from the calculations and graphical analysis made above. However, the detailed dimensions of all components namely pump body (left and right side), cylinder and liners, piston, springs and valves are shown in the CAD drawing in appendix 13.3.2 TolerancesTolerance for Stroke LengthThe statistical tolerance of the stoke length was calculated using integral method, which is much more effective than an additional tolerance. Given the tolerance of the flow rate as 0.1litres/min, the tolerance of the frequency was assumed to be 5 cycles/sec under normal dispersion condition. The tolerance of the stroke length was calculated as f ollowsStandard deviation s=Tolerance3 Cp where Cp=process capability indexIn general manufacturing industry, a process capability index (Cp) of 1.33is considered acceptable. Therefore CpFlow rateQ=1 0.1 lit/min= 1.667 104 1.667 103mm3/sec Q=3.33 1033 1.33=8.356 102Frequency F= 45 5 cycles/sec (Assuming a Normal distributed variable) f=103 1.33=2.506Therefore the flow rate and frequency could be written asQ N 1.667 104 , 8.356 102 mm3/secf N 45 , 2.506 cycles/secQ = Volumetime=Volume frequency= d2 L4 fL= 4Qd2fUsing differential tolerance2= i=1nxi2 xi2L2= LQ2Q2+ Lf2f2+ Ld22d2L2= 4 1d2 f2Q2+ Qd2 f22f2+ Qd3 f2d2 2Tolerance=3 CpThe standard deviations and tolerances of the stoke length were calculated using the above equations, while varying the diameter from 1 to 20 mm, and the results were plotted out (see appendix 14).Tolerance for Piston Principal Stress Assuming a normally distributed around the maximum principal stress acting on the piston, the standard deviation and the toler ance of the maximum principal stress was calculated using the load distribution obtained in appendix 11.3=3.2918-0.5772=2.7146Tolerance=Cp3=1.332.7146=3.6104 N/mm2Upper and lower limit=3.61042= 1.8052 N/mm2Tolerance for Springs Shear StressAlso assuming a normally distributed around the maximum shear stress acting on the springs, the standard deviation and the tolerance of the maximum shear stress was calculated using the load distribution obtained in appendix 12.For spring 13=931.113-0=931.113Tolerance=Cp3=1.33931.113=1238.38 N/mm2Upper and lower limit=1238.382= 619.19 N/mm2For spring 23=1331.119-0=1331.119Tolerance=Cp3=1.331331.119=1770.39 N/mm2Upper and lower limit=1770.392= 885.195 N/mm23.3 Fits The components that are fitted into the cylinder, namely cylinder liner, piston springs 1 and 2 are almost of equal diameter. But because of the consideration of the fits and limits to give some allowance a transition fit was chosen from Data opinion poll 4500A British Standard selecte d ISO Fits-Hole Basis. Since it fell in between the nominal size of 0 6 mm, the transition fit selected was H700.015 for the hole and k60-0.009 for the shaft5.3.4 Material SelectionPiston and CylinderThe piston and the cylinder are to be made of stainless steel grade 431. This is due to the prevention of fracture which could be caused by principal stress. From the maximum principal stress obtained for the piston above (3.2986 N/mm2 = 3.2986 MPa), it is sure that the material which has a yield strength of 655 MPa will be able to prevent failure. Also the other reason for choosing this material is because of its high resistance to corrosion6. Since the piston and cylinder interacts with the fluid, which increases the tendency for corrosion to occur, it is quite safe to use a highly corrosion resistance material like this. It is also in truth easily machined in annealed condition. The properties of the stainless steel grade 431are shown in appendix 156.Springs The springs are to be ma de of stainless steel grade 316. This is also due to the strength of the grade in preventing fracture, breakage and buckling of the spring due to the shear stress acting on it. From the maximum shear stress calculated above (1331.119 N/mm2 = 1.331 GPa), it is sure that this grade of stainless steel with an elastic modulus of 193 GPa will be able to withstand the compression. The material is also highly corrosion resistant and relatively easy to machine. The other properties of the stainless steel grade 316 are shown in appendix 156.ValvesThe valves are to be made of polytetrafluoroethylene PTFE, which is a thermoplastic. This was chosen because the material has to be light and can easily float. Also, it has very low coefficient of friction, which reduces the fluid drag force and wears on the piston and spring.3.5 Surface FinishThe surface finishing chosen for the manufacturing of the parts was to be 0.8 m Ra. This is to reduce friction and rate of wear, because there are lots of p arts moving against each other. The grinding process requires a very great accuracy because it is a relatively delicate manufacturing process.3.6 Geometric ToleranceIn obtaining the tolerance of the components, since algebraic addition of tolerances is very unrealistic and will not be efficient, the tolerances of components that fit into each other were taken from the Data Sheet 4500A British Standard selected ISO Fits-Hole Basis5. These are show belowS/NoPartsDimensions (mm)Tolerances (mm)Drawings1Cylinder11.00+ 0.0152Cylinder liner8.00 0.0093Piston2.00 0.0064Spring 117.00 0.00153.7 Process SelectionThe manufacturing processes of the various parts of the pump will be very important aspects of the design.The parts to be manufactured are pump body, cylinder liners and piston. It will take a great deal of accuracy in carrying out the process, because the geometry of the parts is very delicate. Any wrong dimension will affect the output or operation of the pump.There are three steps i n manufacturing the components mentioned above. Firstly, all the components would be manufactured by casting, which would probably not give the accurate dimensions. Then a turning/boring process can then be carried out, using a CNC or lathe machines, to achieve better dimension. The last process is the surface finish, which gives a smoother and precise dimension.It is relatively easier to manufacture the components by this method because of the intricacies of the geometry and dimensions, and also the materials chosen are easily machined. The manufacturing process of the springs would not be considered in this report because they are provided by suppliers.CHAPTER 4DESIGN optimization4.1 Component Manufacturing Risk AssessmentComponent make upPump Body (Left Right Side)Calculation of qmDrawing number001mp = 1 1.6 = 1.6gp = 1.7 1 1 1 1.1 1.1 = 2.057Ajustable tol= Design tolmpgp= + 0.0151.6 2.057=+0.00455tp = 1.71 = 1.7sp = 1 1.3 = 1.3qm = 1.7 1.3 = 2.21Manufacturing variabili ty risk, qm = 2.21Material431 Stainless SteelManufacturing ProcessTurning/BoringCharacteristic explanationHoles at fondness to edgeCharacteristic Dimension8 mmDesign Tolerance+ 0.015Surface Roughness0.8m RaComponent NamePistonCalculation of qmDrawing number005mp = 1 1.6 = 1.6gp = 1 1 1 1 1 1.1 = 1.1Ajustable tol= Design tolmpgp= 0.0061.6 1.1=0.0034tp = 1.71 = 1.7sp = 1 1 = 1qm = 1.7 1 = 1.7Manufacturing variability risk, qm =1.7Material431 Stainless SteelManufacturing ProcessTurning/BoringCharacteristic DescriptionHoles at centre to edgeCharacteristic Dimension2 mmDesign Tolerance 0.002, -0.008Surface Roughness0.8m Ra The values of the component manufacturing risk analysis obtained above are considerably with a low risk. This shows that the processes chosen for the manufacturing of the components are acceptable.4.2 Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA)The failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA) is an analytical technique performed to ensure that all possible failure mo des of the piston pump have being identified and address. Below are the predicted failure modes of each components of the piston pump, the caused, effects and the suggested solutionsIt can be seen from the FMEA above that the spring breakage has the greatest severity, but the wear on all the components has the greatest risk priority number. This is because wear would be experience by the customer over time of use which made the risk priority number very high. Therefore, while desig

Charlemagnes Imperial Coronation

Charlemagnes empurp take CoronationCharlemagne, the son of Pepin, was born in 742 A. D. He was queen mole rat of the Franks and part of the Carolingian line until 768. On Christmas daylight of the year 800 A.D. Charles was crowned by pope Leo III as the Holy Roman Emperor and he remained emperor for fourteen years. The coronation took manoeuver at the Basilica of St. Peter in Rome and since then Charlemagne was called emperor and augustus1. Charlemagnes coronation marked the commence of the creation of the Holy Roman Empire. Bryce argues that, apart from the beginning of the Holy Roman Empire, his coronation marked to a fault the importance of the Middle Ages furthermore supports that if the ceremony had not taken place the history of the world would restrain been different.2Pope Leo took the decision to crown Charles because a) Charlemagne rescued him, b) Roman rebels could only be knock againsted by an Emperor c) the throne of the empire was empty and in the easternmost the throne was encroached by Irene. Charlemagne, from his side, saw his coronation as the only solution debaten to the problem of protecting the papacy from the Eastern Empire. Moreover, it was his opportunity to become refer in prominence with the East emperor. there are several accounts concerning the background of the coronation of Charlemagne. Going first, Einhard, was the Frankish move scholar and advisor, as well as Charless friend. His account of the events was written after Charlemagne died. According to Einhard, poof Charles felt responsible to keep the church of St. Peter safe and protected as well as to restore the perform after the inhabitants of Rome had violently attacked Pope Leo, putting out his eyes and cutting off his tongue, and had forced him to flee to the King for help.3Moreover, Einhard supports that the king was unaware of the coronation and that the events that took place were arranged only by the Pope. What Einhard in particularly says is that not only ha d the Pope planned the coronation all by himself, but also that Charlemagne did not desired to be an Imperial Emperor. However, it should be taken into consideration that Einhards work is modeled upon biographies of other gallant writers, especially Suetonius. Thus, he may have been trying to present Charlemagne as the great person who did have the qualifications to be an Emperor but did not want to be one. When a person did not want the cater, but deserved it, he would take it anyway. Bearing in mind that Einhard wanted to be a Roman imperial writer, his work and what he supports have to viewed with caution and not taken into account as completely accurate. In addition, Einhard had a great respect for King Charles, so much, that it has possibly affected his writing.The second account is the biography of Pope Leo III (Liber pontificalis) that provides a different presentation of the coronation in 800 A.D. This biography argues that Pope Leo arranged the coronation of Charles as an Imperial Emperor to reward him for the defense that he gave and the love that he bore for the sanctum Roman church and her Vicar4The problem that has to do with this source is the point of view it presents The events presented in the bibliography are in favour of Pope Leo and that is possibly because clergymen involved with the papal court were responsible of collecting papal bibliographies.The third source is a monastic chronicle, named the Lorsch Annals, supporting that the coronation was planned not only by the Pope, but the holy fathers as well. In addition, it is argued that there was an agreement between the Pope, the holy fathers and the people of Rome that Charlemagne should be crowned as Emperor.Finally, the third source is the account from the Frankish Royal Annals, written by people connected to the Frankish court. In contrast with the other three sources, the Frankish Royal Annals are snap on Charles and present Leos role as minimal. The source refers to how Charlemag ne was admired and loved by all of the population and how much all wanted him to be an Imperial Emperor.According to the historiography of this period, there are three possibilities the coronation was desired and planned either by a) Pope Leo alone, b) by Charlemagne alone or c) by both Pope Leo and Charlemagne.Pope Leo III was not that much wanted in the church service and from the start of his papacy he had to encounter several issues. In addition his family with nobility was nearly terrible. He definitely needed protection an emperor-provided protection. Inside Leos head amours were simple the Frankish King Charles had to be crowned as Imperial Emperor in order to protect and restore the popes position and prestige in Rome. Moreover, the Pope saw in Charles character a strong believer of Christianity, who could protect and defend Christianity5. The Popes decision of crowing Charlemagne was also influenced by the fact that Irene encroached the Eastern throne in 797. In additio n to that, Leo desired to gain freedom from the restraints of the Eastern Empire, and therefore, freedom to achieve his political goals. An emperor-provided protection in the West would possibly make the Church keep its secular authority. Most of Latin Christendom was outside imperial control and, also, by the middle of the eighth century, Rome and the drop offs of central Italy that were controlled by the Roman Church were no longer part of the Byzantine Empire.6Moreover, the Lombard kingdom seemed to be a threat for papacy and the East seemed unable to protect it. Thus, a different relationship was formed between the Carolingian rulers of the Franks and the papacy. The Carolingians were needed for military reasons and to prevent the Byzantines from intervening in Italy. The coronation initiated the process of liberation from the Byzantines. Thus, Leos need for safety, in addition to the personality of Charles, and Irenes usurpation of the throne, may have made the Pope crown Char les as the Imperial Emperor.The Lorsch Annals give us a description of Charlemagnes assembly of celestial latitude 800. The discussion here is not the settling of the problems of Pope Leo. It is discussion about the problems in Rome and how the empire should be restored. Therefore it can be verbalise that Pope Leo hid himself behind the problems of the Empires restoration, when, in fact, it was himself he was trying to protect. The Lorsh Annals description is as follows Since there was no longer an emperor in the land of the Greeks and they all were under the domination of a woman, it seemed to Pope Leo and to all the fathers who sat in the assembly, as well as to the whole Christian people, that they should give the name of emperor to king of the Franks, to Charles, who occupied Rome, where the Caesars had customarily resided, and also Italy, Gaul, and Germany. Because Almighty God had consented to place these lands under his authority, it seemed right, according to the desire of the whole Christian people, that Charles should also bear the imperial title.7Despite the fact that Charlemagne had imperial objectives, the coronations organisation seems to have been arranged mainly by the Pope. Einhard supports that King Charles expressed unwillingness upon this decision of Leo. Charlemagne reacted negatively not because he did not want the Imperial title, but because he believed that he should not be crowded as emperor by a humiliated Pope. It was more of a prestige issue. However, little doubt remains that he was not aware of the coronation. Evidence can be found in Richs book, where a court poet mentions King Charles as head of the world and summit of Europe, the new Augustus who reigns in a New Rome.8The last thing to be mentioned is the strain between the West and the East caused by the coronation. Einhard describes this tension Once he (Charlemagne) had accepted the title, he endured with great patience the jealousy of the supposed Roman Emperors, who wer e most indignant at what had happened. He overcame their hostility only by the sheer strength of his personality, which was much more forceful than theirs. He was forever sending messengers to them, and in his dispatches he called them his brothers.9Charlemagne always tried to have a balanced relationship with the East, since he believed in the equality between the former and the West. His attempts, however, had no response.In conclusion, the three reasons mentioned for the coronation of Charlemagne by Leo are all true in a way. The papacy was certainly reluctant to lose its power to the East and therefore saw Charlemagne as its protector. Therefore, the relationship that was formed between the Carolingians and the Pope marked the collapse of partnership between the East and the West Empire. Einhard describes the tension that the coronation caused between the East and Charlemagne Once he had accepted the title, he endured with great patience the jealousy of the so-called Roman Empe rors, who were most indignant at what had happened. He overcame their hostility only by the sheer strength of his personality, which was much more forceful than theirs. He was forever sending messengers to them, and in his dispatches he called them his brothers.10There is little doubt that Charlemagne did not look forward to his coronation and the Imperial title. He, however, tried to support the idea of equality between the West and the East. The most important aspect, though, of the coronation of Charlemagne comes from the restoration of the Roman Church. On the one hand the restoration strengthened the relationship between Church and secular power in the West. On the other hand, it made worse the relationship between the East and West Empire. Monica Fleener11argues that the coronation of Charlemagne in 800 A.D. marked the formation of Western Unity. She supports that this is because when Pope Leo want help from Charlemagne, in order to cope with the problems he had in Italy, Ch arlemagne responded positively. In addition, that respond, meant the separation of the West and the East, the Roman and the Byzantium Empire. And it was exactly the separation of the West and the North that led to the construction of Europe. The coronation of Charles thus indicated the beginning of Europe.

Importance of a College Degree

Importance of a College DegreeThe Importance of a College DegreeThere atomic number 18 many things that lead affect our lives. College point in time is the most all important(p) of these factors. College education plays a critical role in our lives as well(p) as a key opens many doors of opportunity to success in the time to come and allows us to explore everything surrounding. With speedy development in economic, college degree has become the necessary requirement in securing for finding a better theorize. People with college gradatory are hired in at a higher paying position and are considered to be much more stable employers. By at escapeing in college, tidy sum result check more access to recourse and base on that, they can make many education decide that will lead them to a brighter future. For some heap, going to college wastes too much of their time and money. Although it does spend a lot, I believe that college education is a good enthronisation of time and money . Attending in college education brings us many good things like a career, advancement and knowledge.Higher education is perceived as exceedingly important, and for most multitude a college education has become the necessary admission ticket to good jobs. (Alan Hall) Nowadays, humans life is becoming more diverse with rapid growth in all areas like technology, economy and order thus, the marketplace and workforce are becoming more expanding. Many of todays jobs now require muckle should have higher education requirements before the company will consider hiring them. It is to a fault a basic degree for everyone to continue their education to explore the toter and getting higher on their working position. Because the existing long-term ability and the success of any organization are all depended on the experience and cleverness of all their employees. Consequently, for people with a college degree will presumable have more chance to find a good job as well as a better standing in company than a high school graduate. From the government study that showed, there is a substantial tornado of income between high school degree and a college degree. The average annual earnings of the ages from 25 to 32 for full time working employees who has a college degree are $17,500 greater than employees who has only a high school diploma or little than. Also, the rate of unemployment of people who has a college degree among 25 to 32 years is almost four time less than whom without the college degree, 3.8 percent in versus 12.2 percent. Based on the information that was given by the government, the fact that the employees need to have a college degree are more and more important instantly. In addition, the other study from the measure of economic well-being and career attainment, employees who have a college degree are more likely to explore slightly their job than their peers who only have a high school diploma or less than. In contrast, employees without a college d egree are more than about three times compare with those who has a college degree saying their job is just working for a living. Also, people who has a college degree to say that college education is very useful and assist them in preparing for work and career. Moreover, the share living in meagerness of bachelors degree or more is 5.8 percent, two-year degree is 14.7 percent and a high school graduate is 21.8 percent, which is more than three times from college graduates. This is a big gap of lifes quality between college graduates and high school diploma. As the results, this is a clear answer for those who consider about the value of dateing college because of the debt from tuition and time wasting. College degree non only help people to improve their life, income and working position, but it also helps organizations in the job management because it is easier to train knowledgeable employees. Moreover, obtaining a college degree will help people open a bright future with a gre at number of work opportunity. It helps people to get more training accomplishments and experience to apply for the job. Besides, people can benefit from a college education such as having a good place for working with office buildings, air conditioning and a better condition that will help them work better at their job.When people have a college degree, they will feel more confident and have a strong sense of self-esteem by themselves. Not only the pride from themselves but also the pride from their families because they are maybe the first one in their family to graduate from college. Base on the critical thinking and reasoning skill that they have learned in college, they are more willing to work and help others without the shame of knowledge lacking. Being able to help others mean that they will see themselves as a beneficial of a society and they will live without the regress of the time that they spent in college. Most of people nowadays think that college education helps t hem only with career opportunities, higher earning, but they do not know that college education also helps them access to healthcare and more likely to adopt healthy habits. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National for Health Statistic has studied that people who has a college degree or higher lives about cabaret years longer than those who do not graduate from college. The much higher number of folks who have a high school diploma or less are smokers, opposed to only 9% of those who graduated from college. The householders that the parent have a bachelors degree or higher tend to have lower percentages of obese children. The survey shows that children who are born and rise with the parent who graduated from college are healthier, performer better academically, and more likely to attend to college than children of those parents who have not had any degree. College education will give people better equips to navigate in their life. They will learn more about themselve s and people around them. It will boost up their confidence, improve their communication skill, feeling alive all of these things will lead to happiness, less stress, greater self-fulfillment. Education not only keeps people engaged in life, but it also improves their quality of life. Compare to high school graduates, college graduates have greater participation in void and artistic activities and more willing to community service and leadership with volunteer work, and the most important factor that college graduates tend to have less criminal performance and incarceration. Higher education not only help people to have a better quality of life, higher standard living, but it also helps the society with less criminal activities and more volunteer works. In addition, during the learning time for a college education, student has the opportunity to learn and work with a lot of people from diverse backgrounds. They can exchange many good things each other such as culture, traditional and learning skills. By working collaboratively with each other, it also helps students developing team skills. These teaming skills will help student to adapt easily with changing or different environments as well as help student to work within a variety of organizational cultures and different management styles.Our life starts with learning at the first day when we are born with everything surroundings. done college, we become more maturity to find out who we are and how to get successful. In my conclusion, I believe college degree is important and people should get it because it offers us many great benefits. College education helps people to obtain a quality life and bright future. Attending college education systems also teach great skills that are necessary for having a better job and being successful in life.Works CitedAlan, Hall. Article The Education Industry Shows Signs of Collapse.Socionomics Institute RSS. N.p., Feb. 2011. Web. 22 Oct. 2014.Danielle, Kurtzleben. Income Gap Between youngish College and High School Grads Widens.US News. U.S.News World Report, 11 Feb. 2014. Web. 19 Oct. 2014.Tami, Luhby. College Degree = $650,000 More in Earnings Economy.Economy RSS. N.p., 9 Mar. 2012. Web. 22 Oct. 2014.Rampell, Catherine. College Graduates Fare Well in Jobs Market, horizontal Through Recession.The New York Times. The New York Times, 03 May 2013. Web. 22 Oct. 2014.Rustigan, Mike. If Youve Got a Trade, Youve Got It MadeLos Angeles Times. Los Angeles Times, 13 Jan. 2010. Web. 22 Oct. 2014.

Golf Tourism :: Environmental Sports Golfing Essays

Golf TourismGolf tourism is spreading rapidly all over the world in places like Asia and Mexico. Although close people who play the sport of golf play beca part of its interaction with nature, what most golfers do not realize or consider is the damaging environmental impress on the sport. The booming golf trade throughout the world creates a haven for golfers and a nightmare for environmentalists. According to members of the Malaysia-Based Asia-Pacific Peoples Environment Network, golf reading is becoming one of the most unsustainable and damaging activities to people and the environment (TED Case Studies, 1997). Asia has gone from just 45 golf courses in 1970 to over vitamin D today (TED Case Studies, 1997). The rapid increase in development also brings a rapid increase in ecologic problems. In Southwest Asia ecological apathy includes greens carved out of paddy fields and virgin forests. Development of golf courses also entails clearing vegetation, cutting forests and creatin g artificial arenascapes. These activities lead to land erosion and block the soils ability to retain water (Klein, 1996). Golf courses also need large quantities of pesticides, fertilizers and herbicides, which cause health problems among golfers, workers, and nearby residents. Unfortunately, these numerous problems are lose by developers who are often supported by the Asian governments due to the economic rewards from the sport. The low green fees in Asia have increased tourism to these courses as well as increasing the temptation for further golf course development. The most notorious debate among golf course development in late years has been the plan to create a $311 million project consisting of 592 luxury homes, hotels, restaurants, and a 7,276-yard golf course in Tepoztlan Mexico. Opponents of the golf course claim that golf-course projects use dangerous chemicals and too much water as well as induce higher property taxes and disrupt culturally intact communities. The sit e of development in Tepoztlan go away be located on 462 acres of communal land within a national park and a biological corridor that harbors Aztec ruins and 28 endemic species of animals (Planet ENN, 1996). The high amount of water necessary for the project is estimated by developers to be approximately 800,000 gallons a day for peak irrigation (which is nearly five multiplication that pumped daily by Tepoztlan). This brings about much debate because of the towns ongoing problems with water shortage. Those who support the Tepoztlan golf plan (mainly developers) believe that it will create 13,000 construction jobs over seven years, and 2900 permanent jobs (Selcraig, 1996).

Dress Codes :: essays research papers

It is in the middle of summer and very hot and humid. You are in complete uniform, wearing the bulky wool pants with the shirt, tie and sweater. Your whole body is uncontrollably sweating. Instead of paying attention in class, you wipe yourself down every second. Uniforms are uncomfortable, face distractions and are expensive. They serve no purpose in getting the proper knowledge that one is in school to earn. One that is non comfortable, may not concentrate in class. He/she will move around their seat impatiently trying to get comfortable. Uniforms always cause problems in the summer and winter. The girls kick back about wearing short dresses in the winter, arguing that it gets too cold to have their bare legs showing outside in the freezing weather conditions. The boys speak out about wearing the hot long pants in the summer. I attended a school that required a uniform. I wear shorts longer than the girls skirts. Although my values were strongly set on education, my mind won dered, trying to get a glimpse of a girl bending over. Some girls repudiate it, they wear their dresses too short. This causes a distraction. The guys will not pay attention in class, instead they will stare at the short dresses. This causes the boys to do melt at a lower level. The schools should make a rule on the skirt lengths and enforce it with severe punishments such as detentions, suspensions, and expulsions. This rule should make the lengths infra the knees.Most uniforms are very expensive. The whole uniform may cost about $250.00. This is expensive for a normal family. Since some schools require uniforms, the family is forced to barter for the uniform. This puts the family back financially. This might force the family to live on bread and water due to the fact that they have spent all the food money on ties dressshoes and dress pants.How can uniforms change the way people act? They can not. No matter what the opposing argument may be, it can not be logically correct.

Having Cable Television on College Campuses Essay -- Argumentative Per

Having Cable Television on College CampusesEleven oclock on a Tuesday night, walking through the brightly light up halls, many doors wide open in a dormitory complex on the campus of Bowling Green State University, one can see that the whole light that emerges from the open doors is the constantly changing illumination coming from television receiver consoles. Passing from door to door, sounds such as sports cheers, gun shots, screams of people being slain, and moans of adult female in ecstasy can be heard. Although many students have the time to watch the television, many of them dont. The televisions utter no words of mathematics or Biology. Because of this horrid accommodation provided by the college, the flavour of students cerebrally, morally, and physically has made a sudden turn for the worst. Some ignorant persons argue that cable television provides quality educational programs to students and helps them to cut lose after a hard day of studying, but the true harsh real ity is that cable television, due to the vast gist of extremely worthless channels such as HBO, Cinnemax, and, of course, MTV, do nothing but discourage interpersonal relationships and association, provide a distraction, inspire sloth, and install thoughts of elicit and violence into the easily malleable minds of students, especially younger freshmen and sophomores living on campus.Some people have views that cable television is beneficial to students. In this sham scenario, one can see the arrival of the idea of cable television onto the campus of Bowling Green State University. The administrators while sitting around their monstrous ticketly polished eastern oak table in their soft reclinable chairs, smoking their illegally imported cigars, thought of what seemed to be en ingenious idea. They thought of a elan to supposedly improve the learning environment of students. One idea can be speculated that stood out in their minds. An idea that could give their students an incredi ble march on over other students from some other schools, the idea could be none other than the introduction of cable television into every room on the campus of their fine university. To them, this would give students access to explore a vast amount of educational and informational channels such as Discovery, Life, CNN, Animal Planet, and Health. Disney would also be provided for the mentally challenged, playful at hear... ...s are spending their nights watching people get decapitated in action films. They are watching women naked in sexual positions, sometimes with other women in soft-core porn movies. Although almost of these movies have excellent plots, they are not beneficial to the studying of a college student. The channels provided by cable networks make headway foul language, violence, promiscuity, and masturbation in many college students living on campus. There may be some people who do not watch this attribute of programming or may not let it go to their head, but t he majority of college students do. This is a problem.The average majority of college students in almost no way benefit from the installation of cable television in the dormitories. Cable television is used in almost all cases for entertainment. It is not a necessity for the intellectual development of a college student. The fact that it is provided in every dorm room on campus shows little regard by Bowling Green for the growth of most students living on campus. Almost nothing good can come from cable. In most cases it is a vice rather that a strength. Cable television in college dorm rooms is a major problem and needs to be solved.

michael powell :: essays research papers

(Michael Powell)Federal Communications Commission (FCC) moderate Michael K. Powell announced last hebdomad that he is leaving the regent(postnominal) independent agency . In his resignation letter to President Bush, Powell said he was stepping down with a "mixture of reserve and regret." "Having completed a reckless and aggressive agenda, it is time for me to pursue other opportunities and let someone else take the reins of the agency," Powell stated in the letter. "The seeds of our policies are taking star sign root in the grocery and are starting to blossom.(www.Britancica.com) He gave no indication of his future plans other than spending some time with his family. In accession to opportunities in the private sector, Powell has been mentioned as a possible Virginia gubernatorial candidate.Powell was appointed to a republican seat on the FCC by President Clinton in 1997, completely one year later on Congress passed the landmark 1996 Telecommunications A ct. President Bush selected him as head in 2001, replacing populist William Kennard. Powell was appointed to a Republican seat on the FCC by President Clinton in 1997, only one year after Congress passed the landmark 1996 Telecommunications Act. President Bush selected him as chairman in 2001, replacing Democrat William Kennard. Powell and the Republican majority that(www. Alwayson-network.com)gained control of the FCC following Bushs 2000 election brought a different and often controversial approach to telecommunications and the Internet. Powell aggressively back up moving voice, video and data transmissions away from the copper legacy networks of the Bells to a variety of minim all(prenominal)y regulated broadband platforms. Often accused by consumer groups of overhaul the Bells interests, Powell said competition, particularly in the then nascent broadband constancy, was better served by multiple platforms providing bundled packages than the Kennard approach to mandating that the Bells provide open access at government-mandated prices to all competitors. The courts repeatedly sided with Powell. "For four years, Chairman Powell fought hard to promote competition and deregulation in key parts of the telecommunications arena," U.S. Rep. Cliff Stearns, a member of the House Subcommittee on Telecommunications and the Internet, said in his statement. "It was a difficult job that often made him a target for criticism, but I believe his leadership on umteen of these issues will serve the industry and American consumers very well in the years to come." When Michael Powell assumed the role of chairman on January 22, 2001, there were roughly cxxx million wireless subscribers in America.michael powell essays research papers (Michael Powell)Federal Communications Commission (FCC) Chairman Michael K. Powell announced last week that he is leaving the powerful independent agency . In his resignation letter to President Bush, Powell said he was stepp ing down with a "mixture of pride and regret." "Having completed a bold and aggressive agenda, it is time for me to pursue other opportunities and let someone else take the reins of the agency," Powell stated in the letter. "The seeds of our policies are taking firm root in the marketplace and are starting to blossom.(www.Britancica.com) He gave no indication of his future plans other than spending some time with his family. In addition to opportunities in the private sector, Powell has been mentioned as a possible Virginia gubernatorial candidate.Powell was appointed to a Republican seat on the FCC by President Clinton in 1997, only one year after Congress passed the landmark 1996 Telecommunications Act. President Bush selected him as chairman in 2001, replacing Democrat William Kennard. Powell was appointed to a Republican seat on the FCC by President Clinton in 1997, only one year after Congress passed the landmark 1996 Telecommunications Act. President Bush s elected him as chairman in 2001, replacing Democrat William Kennard. Powell and the Republican majority that(www. Alwayson-network.com)gained control of the FCC following Bushs 2000 election brought a different and often controversial approach to telecommunications and the Internet. Powell aggressively supported moving voice, video and data transmissions away from the copper legacy networks of the Bells to a variety of minimally regulated broadband platforms. Often accused by consumer groups of serving the Bells interests, Powell said competition, particularly in the then nascent broadband industry, was better served by multiple platforms providing bundled packages than the Kennard approach to mandating that the Bells provide open access at government-mandated prices to all competitors. The courts repeatedly sided with Powell. "For four years, Chairman Powell fought hard to promote competition and deregulation in key parts of the telecommunications arena," U.S. Rep. Cliff St earns, a member of the House Subcommittee on Telecommunications and the Internet, said in his statement. "It was a difficult job that often made him a target for criticism, but I believe his leadership on many of these issues will serve the industry and American consumers very well in the years to come." When Michael Powell assumed the role of chairman on January 22, 2001, there were roughly 130 million wireless subscribers in America.