Culture and workplace ethics Essay

nuance in the employment has genuinely little to do with the well known civilization of literature, music and art. In the per haveanceplace, civilization professually refers to the dual-lane lead environment, belief systems, behavior expectations and anticipate efforts, all of which normally char biteerize a original physical composition or vexation enterprise. The work setting purification primarily includes things standardized, socialization expectations, dress code, how different groups indoors the giving medication perceive issues relating to attendance, problem declaration and quality of work output.Finding the st antiophthalmic factor down glossiness to fit an organic law is a vital element in ensuring that a particular field or task is successful. Corporate elaboration has a destiny of influence on morals of an institution. It is through with(predicate) it that counterbalance or wrong decisions ar made. They determine whether to adopt strategies that pass on realize volume of the passel in the piece of work domineeringly or adopting unmatcheds with an impact of alter near workers in a prejudicial room (Russell, Para 3). Effect of culture on work ethicsThe grant-ups culture is quite most-valuable perhaps much than most deal appreciate. It holds mixed categories of people at heart an establishment together and and so it has a big bucks of impact on what people deep down the shaping perceive to be right or wrong. Even though certain conducts like corruption might be considered to be vice and accordinglyce culturally immoral in some plaques, on that point atomic number 18 an early(a)(prenominal) body of works where the behavior is considered to be appropriate. Culture is ordinarily deep root in an physical composition since although it is manmade it takes several decades to larn. parvenue employees in all(prenominal) and each work place atomic number 18 first introduced to the in operati on(p) culture in the workplace and thus it is usually in each and all person working in the workplace. morals comes after culture and it on that pointfore has to babble out to the tune of culture (Lagan, & adenine Moran, pp 46). The wisdom of culture within an boldness is usually realized when someone attempts to alter an plaques culture in a manner that is non agreeable with the divided believes and norms of the ecesis. Such a person usually meets a hole resistance heedless of whether the intended cultural change is good or not.Culture within an face is usually not stagnant solely it is rather dynamical so as to take into account the ever-changing demarcation and workplace environment. Due to the particular that the workplace ethics ar tied to culture, they besides have to keep on changing so as to be consistent with the workplace culture (Russell, Para 4). study ethics is laid-backly influenced by the accepters of the entire organization. These ar the peop le who be charged with the mandate of running the avocation and fashioning decisions for the entire organization. The organizational culture determines the type of people to take managerial decisions.Therefore, if the culture of an organization is to be lead by men and women of high integrity, then the workplace in such(prenominal)(prenominal) an organization is likely to be honourable. This is delinquent to the fact that when an organization is led by such people, they leave always make decisions with each and e rattlingone within and without the organization in their mind. Their decisions leave behind in most cases affect majority of the people in a positive manner. In this case, culture is very grievous on product line of descent ethics since it determines in an indirect manner the type of decisions to be made by the managers leading the organization (Hopkins, pp 78).On the other hand, if the organizational culture of a particular enterprise is one that allows men an d women of less integrity to lead it, people who enter these offices via un estimable channel where merit is not a priority, then such managers leave in most cases be un respectable. They impart in some all cases make un estimable decisions which ar likely to only benefit very few individuals within the organization speckle exposing the majority, in general the junior members of staff to inequitable treatment. Workplaces operating from such environments are for the most part un honourable and clearly this is as a result of the organizational culture.Most of the decisions follow in such organizations are usually only aimed at maximizing the get of the organization without putting into consideration other parties who are likely to suffer as a result of such decisions. These types of managements are in the first place self centered and are only worried about their rail line organizations with little or no name at all for other people. They are not worried of whether their actions are honorable or not, as long as business is running and making gelt nothing else worry them.This attitude is usually enhanced by the organizational culture which in turn affects the workplace ethics signifi sack uptly (Russell, Para 7). The incorporated culture of an enterprise determines the criteria of forwarding. If the culture of an organization enhances advancement establish on merit, then the workplace will be to a greater extent honorable as compared to instances where promotion is not based on merit. Since employees seek for promotion any now and then, they have to look for the bill that is used for promotion so that they can be well equipped to qualify for promotion.Such a culture of promotion will take decades to develop and will thus be very more deep rooted to eliminate within the workplace (Lagan, & adenine Moran, pp 69). The culture of an organization determines the values that are to be held in high regard within the organization. If a culture holds unethical behaviors in high esteem, then such conducts will be dominant in the organization. Rewards will be awarded to those people who excel in such conducts. In this case, the organizational culture is mainly concerned with appreciating the efforts of its employees who have excelled in certain field regardless of whether their actions were ethical or not.Such a culture therefrom, wins unethical behaviors among its employees (Brooks, & Dunn, pp 120). In other organizations, the culture is very clear and is tailored towards promoting ethical behaviors among its employees. In fact, the employees who excel in ethical conducts in dissimilar fields in the course of their work are identify in a fair manner and rewarded so as to encourage them to hold back in the kindred spirit and be even more ethical in future.The other employees are also challenged to act ethically and at the same cartridge clip they are made to desire to act ethically so as to be rewarded like their counterp arts who were more ethical than then in a certain period. This form of culture thus acts as a tool for enhancing ethical behaviors within an organization to develop (Bassman, pp 55s). Culture within an organization determines how the organization as whole perceives the outsiders, more so its competitors. There are cultures which are tailored towards viewing the competitors as enemies and thus it stirs actions which will deal with such enterprises as enemies.Such a culture will promote unethical behaviors to its competitors and enmity arises amidst the two organizations. Culture is responsible for various unethical actions that might be penetrated to the other organization since it has made everyone within the workplace of the organization to develop a electronegative attitude towards its competitors (Russell, Para 9). At the same time, culture can act as a catalyst for enhancing ethical behaviors among the various employees of the organization especially in their actions towards t he competitors.Culture will in this case promote good relations among the two organizations and it will make the employees to perceive the other organization as a competitor and not an enemy. This form of culture will promote actions that will enhance positive rival between the two sides and thus ethical behaviors will be enhanced greatly (Lagan, & Moran, pp 89). While there are employment regulations and laws governing the manner in which employees are to be treated, the ethics of an organization are more tailored by the organizational culture and not such laws and regulations.The ethics therefore goes beyond the regulations and the laws connecting the business practices of an organization to the workers personal beliefs. Culture in this case plays a leading situation in ensuring that the actions adopted by the organization are in line with it. In this case, the organizational culture ensures that various employees in the workplace within the enterprise work together for a com mon object as well as having the inclination of doing the right thing in a human that is quite diverse and confused (Bassman, pp 126).The culture in operation within an enterprise determines how an organization treats its outsiders and whether or not it does anything that is likely to affect them negatively. For culture to be able to promote ethical actions among its employees towards the outsiders, then it must be one that encourages decisions that will affect these people in a positive manner. Among the current issues that has brought a lot of criticism in the entire world is that of pollution. An organization is considered to be ethical if it emits fewer pollutants to the environment.This means that it is concerned about the environment and the consequences of disposing untreated chemicals to the environment. On the other hand, there are organizations that are completely unethical. They clog up the environment without really caring how numerous people will be moved(p) by t he same. This affects the workplace environment indirectly since the employees will face hostility from members of semipublic and will in several cause be referred to as unethical people who do not care about tomorrow.This might make the organization to unresolved several employees to other companies which are more ethical as employees will like to be associated with organizations with good reputation (Brooks, & Dunn, pp 258). Conclusion Culture is a very important element in every organization. It is responsible in shaping the ethical behavior of the employees and also the workplace ethics. This is due to the fact that ethics within an organization is driven by the culture that is in operation within an organization. Culture is therefore a very important withdraw in driving ethical practices of an enterprise.This is mainly because the organizational culture takes time to grow and mature and that it is taught to all new employees which make it to be deeply rooted within all e mployees. Culture has the ability of making an organization to act either ethically or unethically. Work cited Bassman, Emily S. Abuse in the workplace management remedies and bottom line impact ISBN 089930673X, Quorum, 1992. Brooks, Leonard J. & Dunn, Paul caper & Professional Ethics for Directors, Executives & Accountants ISBN 0324594550, Cengage Learning, 2009.Hopkins, Willie Edward. Ethical dimensions of diversity ISBN 080397289X, SAGE, 1997. Lagan, Attracta & Moran, Brian tether Dimensional Ethics Implementing Workplace set ISBN 097574223X, eContent Management, 2005. Russell, Mike Workplace Ethics & Business for Social Responsibility Initiatives for corporate cultures committed to ethical business practices, concern for the environment and spherical humanitarian causes (2008) Retrieved on 5th portentous 2009 from http//sandiego. jobing. com/blog_post. asp? post=8929.

Nick Names Formation in Lendang Nangka Sasak Menu-Mene Varity and Arabic Languages

NICK NAMES geological brass IN LENDANG NANGKA SASAK MENU-MENE VARITY AND ARABIC LANGUAGES A interrogation Writting An NT Langu ri compose and finish Final subsidisation Lecturer Dr. Kamaludin Yusra By Samsul Bahri/12J012060/A side EDUCATION GRADUATE PROGRAM MATARAM UNIVERSITY 2013 citation I would inter diversenessable to decl ar my grate honorable and wonderment to my honourable lecturer Dr. Kamaludin Yusra, who would like to keep patiently for months for a forge from me, thence respond sympatic e realy and constsructively within days. This assigment is indite to set up a final task for Nusa Tenggara Languages Culture and Contact.I am interested to heighten my orbit on Sasak varity chip bid c solely(prenominal)ing diversenessation as I order them consequential points to discuss to delineate how nonch gains in Sasak varity jointing argon lay d birthed. So far I found it is ticklish to do this as the previous explore for this merely. I tried hard to foc us this interrogation beca ingestion lack of academic writting d ca wont symbolise knowledge and references. These be my give go forth obstacles to do this look writting. But this offshoot meet I apply will be my best t apieceer to do make better in the time to come. I am acrophobic there argon round mistakes in this simple investigate proposal, I do hope there will be or so suggestions to make it better.Samsul Bahri CONTENTS Acknoledgementi Contentsii A. Introduction1 B. inquiry marvels3 C. reappraisal of Literarture3 D. look for Methodology10 * nation10 * Sample11 * info prayer11 * in classation Analysis11 E. Discussion 11 F. Conclussion55 References Nick divulge c all ining Formation in L destinationang Nangka Sasak Menu-mene Varity and Arabic Languages comp stopping point This explore piece discussed active nick progress to calling institution in LendangNangka Sasak meno-mene dialect and Arabic nic label. approximately of sasak distinguishs atomic number 18 influenced by Arabic evoke as Islam is predominantly godliness for Lendang Nangka colonisation inhabitats.As label is identity of a roughlywhatbody its has actually strategic per male pip-squeaka for piece of music creationness. designation custom varies greatly from population to heap. scathe relates individualised summons much(prenominal) as in- psyche evoke, family abduce calling, disposed(p) place calling and Nick look up. The family make believe governance in most cases kindred to Arabic announceion. In Lendang Nangka Sasak meno-mene spoken diction. The marrow of Nick reboot to a fault has it stimulate lead in the dialect. A nick touch on is ordinarily familiar or humorous unless few measure pointed or cruel number take concealn(p) over to a soul or bespeak . Nick label formations in the dialect dvirtuoso answer of abruptness ( unretentiveened), phonological wreak(replacing a speech patterned vowe l and a on word of honorant), psychic mark and attri exceptes. Nick label too related to plastered friend and social solidarity. mend in Arabic nick call formation has its own focussing to form it. This interrogation uses descriptive query methodology. The method employ in this investigate is descriptive method. The goal of this research is to maneuver ?? the formation, body structure and meaning of the recognise calling in Lendang Nangka Sasak meno-mene varity language and Arabic. The population of this research the inhabitants of Lendang Nangka village. This reserach studies rough the in the flesh(predicate) de n star and nick disclose. There ar 6357 call.The information argon gained from primary coil and subaltern ancestors. Key lyric poem Sasak varity, Arabic, Per male childal lifts, Nick call, formation, truncation, phonological, Physical Characteristic, Lendang Nangka, menu-mene dialect. A. Introduction A make water is inseparable circumstance to huma n cosmos, place or matter. A name is a word or circumstance employ for identification. name cannister report a class or family line of things, or a single thing, all uniquely, or within a stipulation context. A ain name identifies a particularised unique and identifiable exclusive psyche. Though In through with(p)sia is home to around(prenominal) divers(a)(a)(a) ethnic themes and languages.Those exaggerated the varies greatly betwixt these separates in name calling. The dominant ethnic group is the Malay people (whose languages include Ind championsian, Javanese). Generally, all Indonesians nurse one or to a greater extent than(prenominal) disposed over label. Some ethnic groups as well use a family name or clan name, novel(prenominal) groups use a patronym. Some Indonesians keep up n both a family name nor a patronym. (Salahudin Ahmad,1999). Per male childal names be considered as important come back in for individual-to- psyche identity. S asak people consider names has fussy meaning, and there is a special practise to do in province assignment new born(p) baby as one of the manner cycle in Sasak people.As predominantly organized religion, islamic call ashes influences most of Sasak names. Islam is confining uply relate to Arabic label trunk although it is non alto beguileher influenced the Sasak names. Islamic denomination clay argon utilise comm only in Sasak Moslem good issue forthers. Lendang Nangka village inhabitants be muslim. The inhabitants of Lendang Nangka village be consider as cfuzzman muslim. This makes sense that denomination formation is non on the whole pas condemnation Islamic assigning system although more or less(prenominal) of the people in the villages use Arabic names much(prenominal)(prenominal) as Muhammad, Ahmad, Abdurrahman, Abdullah, Wahid, Syafii, Siti Aisah, Siti Hadijah, Mariam, etcetera nd some reason(a)s Arabic rout out terminuss much(prenominal) as Nurul Hayati, Nurul Aini, Laitul Fitri which they considered as Islamic assigning systems. On the some former(a) hand m some(prenominal) soul-to- someone names argon influenced by non Arabic names, air jacketerly, Hindus and Javanese, or by their own intromission appointee systems. And the last denomination system is naming by issueal anaesthetic Sasak names (although there is no written rules active this scarce this is average establish on the local anesthetic story and ingestive information). touch menial to the topic of this research a name in victimize form is called Nickname.According to unleash Online lexicon(2009) last name is a descriptive name added to or replacing the actual name of a person, place, or thing. Where as The jointsprice elliptic English Dictionary(1988) defines Nickname as a name given(p) in clientele or sportive familiarity. A family name is a unremarkably familiar or humorous but sometimes pointed or cruel name given to a perso n or place (Oxford Dictionary Online, 2012), as a supposedly allow for replacement for or addition to the be searching name.Nicknames whitethorn base on a persons name or various attributes much(prenominal) as (in majority the font taken from American names) Tittle ( bone up for a forensic scientist,Doc for a doctor ,Sparky for an electrician, Geek for a ready reckoner technician, Sarge for a military Sergeant, Moneybags for a affluent person, Sir or Maam for a person of a graduate(prenominal)er rank) Physical characteristics (Weight roly-poly or Slim for a person who is overweight or thin, respectively. Height Beanpole for a person who is gangling, Shortie or small-fry for a short person. Haircolour Red, Ginger, Ranga, or Bluey for a person with red hair. Blondie a fille with blonde hair. Baldness Chrome covered stadium for a person whose scalp reflects the light. tinge Pinky for a person with Rosacea, Zit or pizza-face for severe acne, various racial slurs for peel off color. Personality (Talkative Motormouth, Chatterbox, Ratchet-Jaw, ChattyKathy Cautious awk struggled Nellie Pessimistic Sad Sack disconfirming Debbie Downer, Glamorous Stunning Signe, tedious Plain Jane, Typical Average Joe. This Research paper focuses on the analysis of nick names formation in Lendang Nangka Sasak meno-mene varity and Arabic languages.This topic is base on the ain names of Sasak and their relationship to Arabic individualised names. As we know naming system in Sasak names are moslty influnce by apparitional aspects. So far I found that it an interesting topic to disscuss about nick names formation as it is merely found the academic writting of how the Sasak nick name are make. I take to specify the Sasak menu mene varity as it is my rake language and it is interesting to relate the naming system with Arabic as both of them uses more oft than not use Arabic face-to-face names as the inhabitants considered Islam belivers.B. Research Question * What are the naming systems in Sasak meno-mene varity and Arabic language? * What are the meaning of Lendang Nangka Sasak Meno-mene varity and Arabic face-to-faceisedized names? * How are Arabic and Lendang Nangka Sasak meno-mene varity dubs formed? * Does Arabic nicknames formations contribute to Lendang Nangka Sasak nicknames formations? C. Re draw of Literature According to Merriam-Webster (2012) name is Word or phrase that constitutes the distinctive appellative of a person or thing . By a name we can come out separately other.In world(a) term, a name is a label for a noun a person, place or thing. identification customs interchange greatly from people to people. Some names fetch information about our roots, such(prenominal) as family or clan names, which are in planetary inherited. Terms relates individual(prenominal) names such as ain name ,family names, given names and Nick name. In some cases they are very simple, such as those of many Indonesians names who use j ust a single name. On the other hand, names could besides be very labyrinthian such customsal Chinese (Wikipedia, 2007).A given name, in western contexts oft referred to as a startle name, is a personal name that specifies and differentiates amidst members of a group of individuals, e oddly in a family, all of whose members commonly share the analogous family name or surname. Arabic names were pastally based on a eagle- look naming system most Arabs did not simply baffle given/ mettle/family names, but a estimable set up of names. This system was in use passim the Arab world. The given name is al expressive styles followed by the get downs first name, then the sky pi coveys family surname. Example bid Muhammad ibn Saeed ibn Abd al-Aziz al-Filasteeni. Wikipedia, 2007). The require of personal names has attracted a reckon of scholars over the years. There are many find outs regarding the bureau in which personal names are bestowed. This section aims to will a o ver sketch of what previous scholars occupy found as far as personal naming is concerned. Scholars such as Koopman (1986 1989), Thipa (1983 1987), Herbert (1990 1995), Saarelma-Maunumaa (1996 1999), Stayt (1931), Monnig (1967), Mbiti (1969), Moyo (1996), Kimeyi (1989), hellion (1985) and Bosch and De Klerk (1995) feature based their pass rowing on some of the personal naming patterns.As far as African usanceal culture is concerned, the filling of personal names is influenced by many slurors. nearly of these factors are diverse among cultures nevertheless, there are some areas where they overlap. Jayaraman (2005 176) provides the future(a) account enjoinment of the Hindu tradition of personal naming intrusts a name not only reveals a persons self-identity, but as well as his or her cultural, sectarian, varna, and caste identities. Further, it is believed to communicate ones spiritual worth not only in this world, but likewise in the lowmentioned.In everyday life, Hi ndus give great significance to a personal name. As this reading on Tshiven? a names will reveal, the naming rite of a small fry is an important razet. It is in any case traditionally one of the major life circle rituals for a Hindu. In southerly India, it is usually performed on the twelfth day of a tykes life. Customarily, some Hindus, who believe that even days are lucky for lady friends and uneven ones lucky for boys, hold that a boy should be named on the el issuanceh day and a girl on the twelfth.When the ceremony is to occur, and primary(prenominal)ly in the case of the first tyke, both the starts and the induces coituss project the house where the commence gave birth (usually her innate home). Here, the guests are entertained with traditional sweets peculiarly prepared for the occasion. There are various considerations in the resource of a name. However, one essential element in the pickaxe of a name in all parts of India is the birth star of a person. Most Hindus consult an astrologer to break up the appropriate name.In the south, as in other parts of India, names may testify of the joy and expectations of parents of newborn tiddlerren. For congressman, if a squirt is born to a couple many years after marriage, he may be endearingly named after some precious metal or gem, such as Ratnam (diamond), Sona (gold), Banghru (gold) or Muthu (pearl). Naming may similarly be related to other family experiences. For example, in Tamilnadu, if a family has experienced postgraduate child mortality, a surviving child may be named Pichi (gift of god) if male, or Pichiamma if womanish. Elements of idiosyncrasy and creativity are excessively apparent in Indian naming customs.For example, an eminent professor of Telugu in Andhra Pradesh gave his miss one of the broadest names encountered Sri Arunachala Kadambavana Sundari Prasunnamba Kanyaka (the lucky virgin who is better-looking and carries with her the radiance of sunshine, the sw eet of garden flowers, and the presence of God). Bean (1980309), in his research on the bestowal of childrens names, found that it is often the duty of the parents, but may also be the duty of a senior kinsman or of a ritual specia heel, and the participation of members of a bigger community is also required ( e. . Ga names are bestowed by the senior patriarchal relatives). Beans (1980) view that the role of the ritual forms part of a childs acceptance into his family group, is in a course similar to views given by other scholars such as Mbiti (1967), Monnig (1967), Koopman (1989) and Stayt (1931) on the role of the rituals that accompany name-giving ceremonies. Andrei A. Avram paper looks into the structural properties of Japanese and English brief names. Name truncation is considered to be a word-formation process and is analyzed from the perspective of prosodic Morphology.Japanese and English truncated names are visual aspectn to be subject to strict prosodic requirements. Al so discussed is the relation betwixt name truncation and prosodic minimality in the devil languages. Abigail study the ways in which truncation in Indonesian enriches our under jut outing of affirmable patterns of prosodic morphology and the genius of prosodic word requirements. The structure of the paper is first describe the patterns of truncation in Indonesian. He consider the question of word minimality and induction for word minimality based on the stress facts of Indonesian.He describe and consider the implications of two classes of subminimal quarrel in Indonesian, including a class of haggling containing schwa and the short forms of terms of speech and personal names. Both of these classes of words highlighting the fact that word well-formedness and word minimality may be violable properties. He bring back to the question of truncation as prosodic morphology and briefly consider the Indonesian facts in light of recent abstractive claims about the nature of trunca tion. Langendonck (2008) do a nice survey to prove the catholi urban center of sources of surnames.Accordingly, they are derived roughly from the uniform sources across linguistically and culturally unrelated languages. For instance, in the English disquisition countries, most surnames of British stock certificate fall into several types occupations (eg Smith, Baker), personal characteristics (eg Short, Brown), geographical features (eg Hill, Lee) place names (eg Flint, Hamilton) patronymicsii(eg Richardson, Johnson) matronymics (eg Marriott from Mary) and paternal, from patronage (eg Hickman meaning Hicks man). In French, people are named, following the very(prenominal) traditions Legrand( the tall), le Carpentier (carpenter), le Parisien(from Paris).The corresponding sources of surnames are true of the communicative countries Delgado (thin), Molinero(miller), Aleman from (Germany). In Russian, one square ups the same Tolstoy (fat or stout), Portnov (tailor),Moskova (from Moscow). Romanians follow the same procedures in etymologizing their surnames Barbu(bushy bearded), Fieraru(Smith), Munteanu(from the mountains) Moldoveanu(from Moldova). In Nether set downs, the Dutch adopt the same path in forming theirs De Groot(the great), Van Weert( of the city Weert) (ibid). During the pre-Islamic period and on fightd, Arabs utilise to follow trusted traditions in choosing their personal names.Roughly, the same traditions have been followed in red-brick Arabic dialects. In holy Arabiciv, some names were elect by tribes for various springs (1) to threaten their enemies (eg Muqatil fighter, Ghalib winner, Asad lion) (2) to express their optimism of their sons (eg Sa6yd euphoric, Malik owner, Najy rescued) (3) to involve the sense of roughness of consume or trees (eg al a burred tree, hajar gem) or (4) the newly born child is named depending on what his novice comes across mend the childs sire is being in labour.For instance, if the puzzle meets a fox, the child will be named accordingly Thalaba. The same holds true of bounder kalib, crow Ghurab (I stash away Duraid, d. 321H ,nd5f) (see also Althaaliby, d. 430 H, 2007 406f) Ibin Qutaybah(d. 276 H, 199967) adds that some peoples names are taken from names of plants(eg alqamah colocynth) others from peoples characteristics or attributes(eg al-kareem generous, al-shuja6 brave). In the Arabian Peninsula, females were named as males. This is attributed to the fact that the tribal societies at that time motif e seen greater in number by others so that they would signify a lot before attack distributively other. afterward the rise of Islam, the tradition of naming persons by the use of plants or animals names went on and other factors for naming had function involved. For instance, beautiful names were elect (al-Rabii Spring) and got widely spread receivable to the Prophets define against the choice of ugly names. He (P. B. W. H) recommended that parents should select be autiful names that bring felicitousness and rejoicing to newly born children.In surveying the traditions that Arabs followed in naming persons during the pre- and post-Islamic period, one finds that the same traditions have been roughly adopt by innovational Arabic autochthonic speakers (Murad, 198436, 46). Al-Samaray (19614) adheres to a instead distinct view in that classical Arabic is no coherenter the conformation spoken all over the Arab homeland i. e. different Arabic colloquial dialects are in use. This has had its electric shock on the way the PNs are utilize or elect in every Arabic speaking country (see 2. 2. 1 below). However, Al-Samaray (p. ) does not state that the traditional ways of naming became jibely absent(see 2. 2. 2 below). Ulaiq (200112ff) further indicates that PNs in SA and modern Arabic dialects are attributed to 1. native phenomena (eg Qamar the moon, kawkab planet, Hilal Crescent) 2. The in series(p) order of the newborn child which has someti mes a part to play in naming him or her(eg Faryd the unique, Walyd the altogether, Rabia the fourth). 3. well-know or outstanding figures such as poets, heroes, keen-witted men, presidents, artists or leaders (e. g Siina ibn-Sina Saladdiin, AbdulNasir). . Grand sires or grandmothers names to glorify them peculiarly the eldest son. 5. Harmony of the names so as to be of the same musical comedy comedy tone of the family members (eg Ranny, Rajjy, Wally, Haddy). 6. Particular occasions or events(eg Ramadhan the fasting month, Najjah success, Zilzal earthquake) 7. The fear of envy in that ugly names are attributed to infants (as some people believe) to keep them away from being envied. Nevertheless, this tradition has become of a very minor role to play ascribable to the spread of education and knowledge in the Arab homeland.Sasak is a Western Malayo-Polynesian language spoken on the island of Lombok, Nusa Tenggara Barat province in eastern Indonesia (Austin, 2000, 2001). It is shoemakers lastly related to Samawa (spoken on the western half of Sumbawa Island to the east of Lombok) and Balinese, and sub-groups with them as a member of the Western-Malayo-Polynesian branch of Austronesian . meet to this research, the study of Sasak language has been done by many researchers, but in the other hand the study about Sasak nicknames is very hard to find.Acoodring to Austin (2000, 2001) Sasak language shows a wide range of local dialect sportswoman in lexicon and syntax, which is the topic of ongoing investigation. There is also sociolectal change with high, middlest and low speech styles ( nohofer, 2000). Data for this paper is drawn from the Central and grey varieties identified by their speakers as Meno-Mene, Meriaq-Meriku and Menu-Meni Sasak. As predominantly Islam believer Sasak and Arab people they in general based their naming system on Islamic principles.The fact that this is the right of the pay off is shown by the principle that the child is ascri bed and attributed to the stimulate, as Allaah declares, Call them ( adopt sons) by (the names of) their fathers, that is more just in the Sight of Allaah. It is also allowed for the parents to allow others to name the child, since our Prophet (SAW) utilize to name some of the children of his Companions. The name should carry a good and praiseworthy meaning as the Messenger (SAW) give tongue to, On the mean solar day of Resurrection, you will be called by your names and your fathers names, so make your names good. (Abu Dawood) It is recommended to call oneself a handmaid of Allaah (Abdullaah) or the servant of any of the names of Allaah. thusly it is recommended to name a child after a prophet, due to the hadeeth, call yourselves by the names of the Prophets (Abu Dawood) and the hadeeth, a son was born to me this wickedness and I called him after my forefather Ibraaheem (Muslim) therefore it is recommended to name the child after any pious person in the hope that it will bec ome like him/her. Then it is recommended to name by any name which has good meaning.It is forbidden to name a child with a name that concern servitude to other than Allaah, for example Abd an-Nabi, Abd ar-Rasool etc, just as it is forbidden to name them with names that are particular to the Unbelievers like George, Michael, Susan etc. The names of tyrants and evil personalities should be avoided such as Firawn, Qaroon, Abu Lahab etc.. Likewise it is disliked to name with the names of the Surahs of the Quraan like Taa Haa or Yaa Seen as is report from Imaam Maalik and others. There is no authentic hadeeth which ascribes the preceding(prenominal) two as being names of the Prophet (SAW).As the influencing of globalization era, naming sytem also influences Lendang Nangka Sasak naming system. It is very common to find personal naming influnced by western names such, Heri from Harry, Linda, Tina, Sandi etc. More examples of differents names are presented in appendixes and in near give -and-take. D. Research Methodology This research uses descriptive research methodology. The method used in this research is descriptive method. The goal of this research is to describe ?? the formation, structure and meaning of the names in Lendang Nangka Sasak meno-mene varity language and Arabic.A similar view is expressed by Djaya Sudarma (200616). He said that this method is a descriptive overview of the characteristics of the information accurately in accordance with the nature of the info itself. The statement was supported by Sudaryanto Djayasudarma (199362) who argued that the descriptive method focused on giving a full overview on the actual state of the object under investigation. This study also used qualitative approach. this study is also related to research information that is not in the form of numbers, but in the form of words or phrases (Sudaryanto, 199362).Sudaryanto opinion is supported by Arikunto (1998193) who states that qualitative research is a desecriptiv e research because this study attempted to describe the data with the words or phrases that are divide by categories to obtain conclusions. sottishd on the explanation above, the writer can say that the research is descriptive qualitative research authority is in break awayed to provide a clear picture of the process of the formation, structure and phrase user names Lendang Nangka Sasak menu- mene varity * Population The population of this research is the inhabitants of Lendang Nangka village.Relates to the topic of this research the native names of the subject are 6357 names of Lendang Nangka inhabitants personal names. * Sample From constitutional 6357 names there one hundreds personal names are taken as sample. Those samples are catagorized as first nose candy hundred the most universal names in Lendang Nangka village * Data Collection There are two sources of data collection Primary and secondary data. The primary data are obtained directly from local people of Lendang Nangka village by disbelieving to the paticipants and observation. Secondary Data source are taken from monography of local village office.Data source are in the form list of names local inhabitants. The number of the is 6357 personal names in the village (appendix ). Those total names will be group into the group of similarities of each names(appendix ). * Data Analisys. by and by all data are obtained the undermentioned step is to analize the data. Analysis is an effort to study and process the data to find out the conclussion. Each group will be analized based on their formation and the form of the names, and their originals. All data are barf into some cataogries 1. Their similarities pharase and sylabble 2. buttocks 3.Ending word or prosodic 4. Meaning After all data are determined to their group. The next step is to analyse the process of each names become nicknames based on phenomena and observation. After all data self-possessed , the next process is sieve names into their catagory using spread sheet Ms-Office Excell 2007 sorting system. For further analysis will be discussed in disscussion part . E. Disscussion The topic of this intervention will focus on the study of Lendang Nangka Sasak menu-mene varity names while on the other hand Arabic names disscus in not too deep discussion and analyis.The discussion will also be based on some theories and names. 1. call Generally a name is a label for a noun a person, place or thing. More specialally a name is a label for a specific person, place or thing. These are sometimes called proper names. A name is a word or term used for identification. name can localise a class or social class of things, or a single thing, either uniquely, or within a given context. According to Merriam-Webster(2012) name is Word or phrase that constitutes the distinctive designation of a person or thing . By a name we can identify each other.In general term, a name is a label for a noun a person, place or thing. lo ok at the following examples Person * Heri * Megawati Sukarno Putri * Harun Al-Rasyid * Lalu Serinata * TGH. Muhammad Zainul Majdi Name &8212 nonen occasion * Meja (Table) * Harimau (Tiger) * Lendang Nangka Place * Hotel * Lombok Sumbawa * Lendang Nangka * Bima 2. Personal names Relate to personal names, naming customs vary greatly from people to people. Some names carry information about our roots, such as family or clan names, which are generally inherited.Terms relates personal names such as personal name , family names, given names and Nick name. In some cases they are very simple, such as those of many Indonesians names who use just a single name. On the other hand, names could also be very labyrinthian such traditional Chinese(Wikipedia, 2007). A given name, in Western contexts often referred to as a first name, is a personal name that specifies and differentiates between members of a group of individuals, especially in a family, all of whose members usually share the sa me family name or surname.Arabic names were historicalally based on a long naming system most Arabs did not simply have given/ bosom/family names, but a full image of names. This system was in use passim the Arab world. The given name is always followed by the fathers first name, then the fathers family surname. Example Name Muhammad ibn Saeed ibn Abd al-Aziz al-Filasteeni. Sasak people naming system is considered as simple naming system such Muhammmad Amin, Aminah, Hadijah, Amir Masud, Samsul Bahri. The names largely influences by Arabic names or words as most Sasak people are moslem.While in Greek using more complete name as follows personal name(s) + patronymic + family name e. g. a son whose fathers name was Georgios aptitude be called Spyros Georgiou Kyprianos same as in Bulgarian names personal name(s) + patronymic + family. e. g. Emil Petrov Christov (Wikipedia, 2007). A modern Chinese usually has (1) a surname (family name) or xing and (2) a given name (first name or Ch ristian name), or ming (or mingzi ), always in that order. thusly Deng Xiaoping is Mr. Deng with the personal name Xiaoping the same way John Jones is Mr.Jones with the personal name John. (Lelia, 1961). 3. Sasak language, personal names and origins a. Sasak language. The Sasak language is spoken on the island of Lombok (immediately east of Bali) by around 2. 5 million speakers (roughly 85% of the population of Lombok, which was enter as 2,950,105 in 2005. It shows great versed variation, both geographical and social, with a complex linguistic ecology (Austin 2003) Sasak has traditionally been sort into five dialects meno mene, ngeno-ngene, meriyaq-meriku, kuto-kute, and nggeto-nggete.However, this classification does not seem to accommodate the reality of the actual variation existing in Sasak, because there are also other dialects such as menu-meni and menung-mening. For instance, menu-meni speakers do not always equalize to be in the category of meno-mene speakers, although the reason for this is hard to tell (Mahyuni, 2007). As Mahyuni stated that menu-meni speakers do not always chink to be in the category of ngeno-ngene speakers. I preassumed, The sasak language which the people in Lendang Nangka (Where I live) east Lombok may categorized as meno-meni speakers even though located in the region of ngeno-ngene dialect.Despite of category by A. Teeuw. In circumstance of geographic location, Lendang Nangka is surrounded by ngeno-ngene dialect speakers such, Jurit village in the east, risk of infection village in the south, Sangiang in the west and Borok Lelet in the north. al-Qaedad on historical information, the inhabitants anchestor of Lendang Nangka were from the area of district Kopang Central Lombok (where as it is considered as menu-mene dialect speakers). b. Sasak personal names In fact, Sasak do not generally use the Western naming practice of a given first name and a family last name nor Arabic system which is consist of full ambit of nam es.In general, the form Sasak personal names fall into the following categories * A single name Sahnep, Mahrap, Mahyan, Marep, Serinata, Sahnun, Sapnah, Riadah, Muhammad, Ahmad, Abdullah, Lasmi, Sintiawati, Kartika, Indra, Subawae, etc. * Two (or more) names without a family name Muhammad Safii, Siti Aminah, Safaril Ahyak, Yusran Ahmadi, Samsul Hadi, Laelatul Fitri. * name calling for documentary system (marital certificate, passport, birth certificate) This category is based on Indonesian formal rule. A name following by fathers name Sahudin bin Muhammad (M), Fitriah binti Sahidun (F). name based on the first child ( After a spouse has their first child bornt). Amaq/mamiq Sahudin (First child name is Sahudin, while Amaq factor father so meaning The father of Sahudin). While the wife could be Inaq/Meme Sahudin (Inaq essence mother so meaning the mother of Sahudin. In fact the of the father has his own personal name Abdurrahman or the mothers personal name Aminah. * baronial pers onal name Lalu is added before a male personal name, such as Lalu Suparlan, Lalu Serinate. Baiq is added before female personal name, such as Baiq Hikmah, Baiq Mustiare. c. Origin of Sasak names.There is not specific informations about the original Sasak names in spite of the fact that some of Sasak names are not found in other language names (Sahnep, Mahrep, Segep, Sinarep, Senep, Sahne, Amsiah, Rumlah, Sene, Selihan, Mahnan, Serinate (? ). The following description of the origin of Sasak names which are based on the language, culture and religious influences * Arabic word derived names Since Islam is the main religion for Sasak people , it is veryobviously to find Arabic first names as personal names in Sasak names such as Abdullah, Abdurrahman, Siti Aminah, Siti Hadijah. * Sanskrit derived namesAs the influenced of former ruler of Balinese in Lombok we will find some similarities in Sasak and Balinese such as in language and culture. Sanskrit derived names-names that may sound H indu-influenced such as Indra, Bayu, Surya, Wisnu, Rama, , Bima, Dewi, Sri, Laksmi, Saraswati, Sintawati, etc. * Popular and Honored person Names Sasak people also use personal names following commonplace names taken honored person such as names of former presidents (Sukarno, Suharto, Megawati, Habibi), celebrity names (Desi Ratnasari, Rano Karno, Herman Felani, Anjasmara), sport champions names (Alan Budi kusuma, Verawaty, Rudi Hartono). Etc. * Western namesDue to the influence of Western normal culture and celebrities, many non- Sasaksalso have shortened Western names like Sandy, Ricky, Alan, Meri (Marry), Linda, Amanda, Cindy,Heri (Harry), Meri (Marry), Sintia (Chintia) etc. The names can be found through Sasak family in suburbia even in rural community. * Parents own Creation names. Some parents created their child names with their own idea and meaning. Such as persons who were born in certain times . Juliawati for a person who was born in July, Agustina in August, Oktaviana i n October, Ramadani in Ramadhan month, Laelatul Fitri in the night before Iedl Fitri day, Purnawati in full moon night. . Lendang Nangka Sasak Meno-mene varity cytosine evanesce names. So far there is no specific rules in Sasak naming sytem. Since most of Sasak people are muslim naming system is much closely related to Arabic names, although it is not totally follow the personal naming system for Arab people. Sasak personal names are similar to most Indonesian moslem names although some names appear as they are influences by western and Hindus names. Some other names are created by parents own creation which they based on other peoples names, time, place, nature, plants or thing they considered good names.The top 100 hundred names of 6357 names mostly used in Lendang Nangka Sasak village as shown in the following table Table. 1. Top 100 names in Lendang Nangka Sasak Meno-mene varity No. NAMES Total names % No. NAMES Total names % 1 SAMSUL (+ . ) 37 0. 58 51 anti 11 0. 17 2 Abdul lah (+ ) 34 0. 53 52 DIAN 11 0. 17 3 SUMIATI 29 0. 46 53 HAERIAH 11 0. 17 4 JUMAKYAH 27 0. 42 54 HARNI 11 0. 17 5 JUNAIDI 25 0. 39 55 LINA 11 0. 17 6 MULIANI 23 0. 36 56 MARIANI 11 0. 17 7 SAPRI 22 0. 35 57 NURUL AENI 11 0. 17 8 Agus+ 20 0. 31 58 RIPAAH 11 0. 7 9 ahmad+ 20 0. 31 59 SAMSUDIN 11 0. 17 10 ERNA( +) 20 0. 31 60 SENIWATI 11 0. 17 11 LIA 20 0. 31 61 SUPRIADI 11 0. 17 12 Aisah 19 0. 30 62 ZAKIAH 11 0. 17 13 RIZAL 19 0. 30 63 Adi 10 0. 16 14 SRI ASMAWATI+ 19 0. 30 64 ana 10 0. 16 15 MULIADI 18 0. 28 65 HAERUNI 10 0. 16 16 NURHASANAH 18 0. 28 66 HENDRI 10 0. 16 17 HAMDIAH 17 0. 27 67 HERI 10 0. 16 18 IRWAN 17 0. 27 68 HERIANTO 10 0. 16 19 ROHANI 17 0. 27 69 HERMAN 10 0. 16 20 EKA 16 0. 25 70 JULIANA 10 0. 16 21 HAERANI 16 0. 25 71 LIANA 10 0. 16 2 NURHAYATI 16 0. 25 72 MAHYUNI 10 0. 16 23 ROZI 16 0. 25 73 MAWARDI 10 0. 16 24 Aminah 15 0. 24 74 PAJRI 10 0. 16 25 At 15 0. 24 75 PATIMAH 10 0. 16 326 IDA 15 0. 24 76 RONI 10 0. 16 27 MAHNUN 15 0. 24 77 ROSIDI 10 0. 16 28 NURUL + 1 5 0. 24 78 SALMIAH 10 0. 16 29 SAPIAH 15 0. 24 79 SUHAILI 10 0. 16 30 SURIANI 15 0. 24 80 YANTI 10 0. 16 31 Ani 14 0. 22 81 YULIANI 10 0. 16 32 NUR 14 0. 22 82 ZAKRAH 10 0. 16 33 NURAENI 14 0. 22 83 Ahyar 9 0. 14 34 YULIANA 14 0. 22 84 andri+ 9 0. 14 35 Andi 13 0. 0 85 ari 9 0. 14 36 JUMARTI 13 0. 20 86 DEDI 9 0. 14 37 RINA 13 0. 20 87 IWAN 9 0. 14 38 Anah 12 0. 19 88 MAHINUN 9 0. 14 39 DEWI 12 0. 19 89 NURUL 9 0. 14 40 DIANA 12 0. 19 90 PENDI 9 0. 14 41 EDI 12 0. 19 91 RIANAH 9 0. 14 42 ELI 12 0. 19 92 RIKA 9 0. 14 43 HAMDI 12 0. 19 93 SAHNUN 9 0. 14 44 JOHAERIAH 12 0. 19 94 SITI+ 9 0. 14 45 LINDA 12 0. 19 95 SUMARNI 9 0. 14 46 MARNI 12 0. 19 96 SUPARDI 9 0. 14 47 MULIANA 12 0. 19 97 US 9 0. 14 48 PADLI 12 0. 19 98 anto 8 0. 13 49 RENI 12 0. 19 99 AYU 8 0. 3 50 SAPRUDIN 12 0. 19 100 HALIMAH 8 0. 13 OTHERS 79. 05 The following table data is to describe the use of Arabic names Abdullah which is popular as Arabic name, the total number of inhabitants using Abdullah first names is 36 people e. Other popular form of Lendang Nangka Sasak Meno-mene varity. From the analysis of the data it is found that many of Sasak personal names characteristic has similar final sylables such as ,-udin, -ni, -di, -man, -ti, -ah, -na, -wan. The following are data show names with the characteristic above * Names with final sylable udin Names with final sylable di * Names with final sylable man * Names with end sylable na * Names with end sylable run * Names with end sylable wan * Names with end sylable -un * Names with end sylable to and no * Names with end sylable ah By observing the data above mostly naming system in Sasak meno-mene are very simple and it is tend to have similar names by using similar final sylables. 4. Arabic names, meaning and origins Arabic names were historically based on a long naming system most Arabs did not simply have given/middle/family names, but a full scope of names.This system was in use throughout the Arab world. The given name is always fo llowed by the fathers first name, then the fathers family surname. Some surnames have a pre-fix of ibn- meaning son of (ould- in Mauritania) The surnames follow similar rules defining a relation to a clan, family, place etc. Some Arab countries have differences due to historic rule by the Ottoman conglomerate or due to being a different minority. For example * Muhammad ibn Saeed ibn Abd al-Aziz al-Filasteeni Ism Muhammad (Proper name). Muhammad praised. Nasab Saeed (Fathers name). Saeed happy Nasab Abd al-Aziz (Grandfathers name).Abd al-Aziz Servant of the Magnificient. Nisbah al-Filasteenee (The Palestinian). Filasteen Palestine. Muhammad Saeed, son of Abdul-Aziz, the Palestinian This person would simply be referred to as Muhammad or by relating him to his first-born son, e. g. Abu Kareem (father of Kareem). To signify respect or to specify which Muhammad one is speaking about, the name could be lengthened to the extent incumbent or desired. During the pre-Islamic period and onward, Arabs used to follow certain traditions in choosing their personal names. Roughly, the same traditions have been followed in modern Arabic dialects.In classical Arabiciv, some names were chosen by tribes for various reasons (1) to threaten their enemies (eg Muqatil fighter, Ghalib winner, Asad lion) (2) to express their optimism of their sons (eg Sa6yd happy, Malik owner, Najy rescued) (3) to involve the sense of roughness of land or trees (eg ala thorny tree,hajar stone) or (4) the newly born child is named depending on what his father comes across while the childs mother is being in labour. For instance, if the father meets a fox, the child will be named accordingly Thalaba. The same holds true of dog kalib, crow Ghurab (Ibin Duraid, d. 21H ,nd5f) Ibin Qutaybah(d. 276 H,199967) adds that some peoples names are taken from names of plants(eg alqamah colocynth) others from peoples characteristics or attributes(eg al-kareem generous, al-shuja brave). In the Arabian Peninsula , females were named as males. This is attributed to the fact that the tribal societies at that time need be seen greater in number by others so that they would think a lot before invading each other. After the rise of Islam, the tradition of naming persons by the use of plants or animals names went on and other factors for naming had become involved.For instance, beautiful names were chosen (al-Rabii Spring) and got widely spread due to the Prophets agency against the choice of ugly names. He (P. B. W. H) recommended that parents should select beautiful names that bring happiness and satisfaction to newly born children. In surveying the traditions that Arabs followed in naming persons during the pre- and post-Islamic period, one finds that the same traditions have been roughly adopted by modern Arabic native speakers (Murad, 198436, 46). Al-Samaray (19614) adheres to a rather distinct view in that classical Arabic is no longer the variety spoken all over the Arab homeland i. . dif ferent Arabic colloquial dialects are in use. This has had its impact on the way the PNs are used or chosen in every Arabic speaking country (see 2. 2. 1 below). However, Al-Samaray (p. 5) does not state that the traditional ways of naming became totally absent(see 2. 2. 2 10 below). Ulaiq (200112ff) further indicates that personal names in SA and modern Arabic dialects are attributed to 1. Natural phenomena (eg Qamar the moon, kawkab planet, Hilal crescent) 2. The sequential order of the newborn child which has sometimes a part to play in naming him or her(eg Faryd the unique, Wayd the only if(predicate), Rabia the fourth). . Well-known or outstanding figures such as poets, heroes, wise men, presidents, artists or leaders (eg Siina ibn-Sina Saladdiin, AbdulNasir). 4. Grandfathers or grandmothers names to glorify them specially the eldest son. 5. Harmony of the names so as to be of the same musical tone of the family members (eg Ranny, Rajjy, Wally, Haddy). 6. Particular occasions or events(eg Ramadhan the fasting month, Najjah success, Zilzal earthquake) 7. The fear of envy in that ugly names are attributed to infants (as some people believe) to keep them away from being envied.Nevertheless, this tradition has become of a very minor role to play due to the spread of education and knowledge in the Arab homeland. 5. Nicknames According to Oxford Dictionary A nickname is a usually familiar or humorous but sometimes pointed or cruel name given to a person or place, as a supposedly appropriate replacement for or addition to the proper name, or a name similar in origin and pronunciation from the original name. A nickname is sometimes considered desirable, symbolising a form of acceptance, but can often be a form of ridicule. Nicknames in Sasak language relates to definition above is quiet similar in function and meaning.The topic disscussion in this research relates to Nicknames formation in Lendang Nangka Sasak meno mene varity canvas to nick names formation in Arabic. This topic become the main discussion because most of Lendang Nangka inhabitants personal names are influenced by Arabic naming system. 5. 1. Nicknames formation. As the main focus on this resolution paper, nicknames formation is based on Lendang Nangka Sasak meno-mene varity. Nicknames formation in Sasak meno-mene varity in LendangNangka has some characteristics 5. 2. gruffness the given names Truncation means to shorten by or as if by cutting off. The free lexicon online) 5. 2. 1. truncated the base name by separate back part of base name as illustrated below basal namenickname (truncated) Gunilahilok Haeriahiok Sinarepayep Sadahadok Nicknames (Truncated names) shows tendency to gravel with a concurring(a) and end with accordant, even their base starts with a consonant and end with a consonant. While the others following nicknames(truncated) names tend to begin with a consonant and ends with a consonant even the base names starts with a vowel and ends with a co nsonant give namenickname Aminahminok Andipendot Aguscegos Akramkeram Amircemor Amingemong Abdillahdilok Ahmad gamek 5. 2. 2. Truncate the primary express syllable of the names as follows institute namesNicknames (truncated names) Atharhar Rukiahkiah/kiok Sakdahdah/dok Samsulsul -SamsudinSam 5. 2. 3. Truncate the secondary stressed syllable of the names as in the following example story namesNicknames (truncated names) Samsudinudin Tarminimini Hamdandan Jumlahlah/lok 5. 2. 4. Truncate names on the divided of onset consonants replace randomly Base namesNicknames (truncated names) SakdahCedok MuhamadGamek SirCing HasimTacim MahrepGayep 5. 2. 5. Phonological Process. Stressed vowels occasionally change /a/ into /o/ as follows Base namenickname -Abdillahdilok -Samsiahsiok -Aminahinok -Rukiahkiok * Changing stressed vowel /a/ into // ? Base name Nicknames -SatriawanAwen -SuparmanMamen -JarkasiKejer -SunardiSuner -AhmadAmek -JumakyahJume * Changing stressed vowel /i/ into /o/ as follows Base name Nicknames -Mulyandiendot Mulianieno Muliaticetot Santisentot Samsul Hadiedot * Consonants may also be subject to change. /s/ is replaced by /c/ in middle aim Base name nick name -NasirAcing -HasanAcan Muhasimacim -Muhsankucan -MuhsinKucin -LusianiUci -HasanahCanok -MahsunAcun * /r/ is replaced by /? / at the close position Base name Nicknames -Munirning -Tahiraing -Zakiraking -JaharAhang -MunawarAweng * /r/ is replaced by /y/ in the mid position Base name Nicknames -Idrusyus -Zakrahayah/ayok -Mustarahgayek -Mahrupayup -Mahrapayap -Mehrameyam -Sahrumayum -Sahuriuyi * /k/ is replaced by /h/ at the close position Base name Nicknames -ZakrahAyok Hasanahcanok Riadahadok Sakdahcedok Ramdahmendok Sakdiahdiok Abdillahdilok Darmilahilok Sapirahirok Jumlahjlok * /b/ is replaced by /p/ at the close position Base namenickname -Zaenabjenap Assegabsegep Mustajabajap Rajabajap Habibabip * /z/ is replaced by /j/ at the onset position Base namenick name ZaenabJenap Zulkarnainkejung Zaenuddinjen Zarkasikejer Zulkiplijul * /l/ is replaced by /ng/ at the close position Base name nickname -Samsulancung Sulhiahcung Mulianahmung Yulianiyung * /f/ is replaced by /p/ at the random position Base name nickname Gafarapar Irfanipan Sarifayip Mussannifsanip Halifalip 5. 2. 6.Nicknames also formed by dropping a consonant in random position, as described below Base name nickname -Ehsanesan -Irfanipan -Ilhamiham -Ahsipasip -Mahsanasan 5. 2. 7. Nicknames formation also made by giving attributes to specific person such as following Kaktuan is for a person who has done hajj for example Base namenicknames -Hajjah Kurniawatikak tuan kur -Haji Abdillahkak tuan dilok -Hajjah Samsiahkak tuan iok * Tuaq(uncle) and inaqrari (aunt) is to palm someone get close related to the speaker even he is not a relative of the speaker, as following example Base namenicknames Salehtuaq aleh -Zaenuddintuaq jen -Syamsiahinaq rari iok -Rumlahinaq rari m elok * Semeton/meton/ton (brother/sister) usually refers to male is to direct between friends at same age and to show friendliness, even though they are not relatives in between and usually meton or ton is stand alone without nicknames. * Arik/adik (jr. brother/sister)usually refers to male is to address to younger person and to show friendliness, even though they are not relatives in between and usually arik or adik is stand alone without nicknames. Kakak/akakArik/adik (older brother/sister) usually refers to male/female is to address to younger person and to show friendliness, even though they are not relatives in between and usually kakakor kak is stand alone without nicknames. * Amaq keke /bapak keke(father) usually refers to male is to address to elder wed person and to show friendliness, even though they are not relatives in between and often amaq keke or bapak keke is stand alone without nicknames to show adpressed feeling. Inaq keke (mother) usually refers to address to e lder matrimonial person and to show friendliness, even though they are not relatives in between and usually arik or adik is stand alone without nicknames. without to show closer feeling. 5. 2. 8. Nicknames also formed by physical characteristic and nature such as -Dakoh for a person who is overweight -keyek for a person who is thin,. -ranjo or belo for a person who is tall, -cendek or dendek/dandak for short person. -Bijang, ambok for a person with blonde hair and grey hair respectively. butak for a person with bald head. -melong is for big eyes person. -bireng for a person with dark skin, -bodak for a person with white skin. Personality -nyerenceng is for talkative person, -beleke, is for a person who laugh a lot -kembois for easy crying person bingis for high tempered person. 6. Nick Names in Arabic. According to Zawaedah Studying nicknames relates to Arab world is important for case security because they are used as aliases. Instead of using ones real name, one may use a ni ckname to blur their identity.A term for such usage is nom de guerre (i. e. war name). Resistance fighters, terrorists, and guerilla fighters use pseudonyms to cut through their identities and protect themselves and their families from harm. A nickname is a name that identifies a person, place, or event that is different from the formal given name of the referent. Nicknames are often not de jure registered in ones decreed documents. Examples Muammar Qathafi Al? Akh al? Aqid Brother Colonel Amin al? qawmiyyah al? Arabiyyah Keeper of Arab Nationalism Sahib al? Kitab al? Akhdar Owner of the Green give-and-takeZuwaedah stated that Studying nicknames is important for national security because they are used as aliases. Instead of using ones real name, one may use a nickname to screen their identity. A term for such usage is nom de guerre (i. e. war name). Resistance fighters, terrorists, and guerilla fighters use pseudonyms to hide their identities and protect themselves and their families from harm. Understanding the pseudonyms used by radical groups sheds light on their future intentions, perceptions, motivations, and connection to the cause. (Guidere, 2006).Abu Hamza al-Muhajir (Abu Ayyub Al-Misri) chief of Al-Qaeda in Iraq. Hamza Ibn Abd Al? Muttalib Prophet Mohammads uncle. whizz of the bravest protectors of Islam. Muhajir he immigrated to Iraq to fight. Or it could refer to hijraof companions of Mohammad from Mecca to Medina. In Arab world nicknames are used for * companionate daily conversations (face to face, on the phone, letters, e- mails, etc). utilise for endearment or respect. * Monarchs may be known by other nicknames. * Nabaz nicknames used to insult others (ex. Enemies), or used in the formation of bank words. Concealing identity * Computer users Chartrooms, e? mails, blogs, used asusernames. * Literary pen names publishing authors. * Stage names (ism shuhra)? actors, singers, dancers, etc. * Criminals, terrorists, etc (takhallus) especi ally the leaders have pseudonyms. 7. Types of Arabic nicknames 1. Asma Dal Hypocoristics 2. Kunya Abu X 3. Nasab Ibn X patronymics 4. Laqab description 5. Nisba origin of person 6. Nabaz offend names 1. Asma Dal Hypocoristics Arabic hypocoristic formation is very generative. Generation is largely based on the root of the name (Zawaydeh and Davis, 1999). Khalid has the following Jordanian and Egyptian nicknames * Khalluuude * Khalkuleeh * Khaluudi * Khalluuude * Khukhu * Khalkhul * Dido * Khokha When a full name has an affixal consonant, be it a prefix, suffix, or infix, the affixal consonant does not appear in the hypocoristic. Hypocoristic contains only root consonants, regardless of what other consonants may be in the name. * MuhammadHammud * AhmadHammud * HamidHammud 2. Kunya In the Arab tradition, after a person gets married and has a child, s/he is called by the name of his eldest son (or daughter). Abu Muhammad father of Muhammad * Um Muhammad mother of Muhammad super used i n the Arab World, and Muslims in general (ex Afghanistan, Pakistan). Some Kunyas are metaphorical. The second word uses a positive or damaging attribute. * Abu Al? Khayrfather of goodness * Abu Dhubabfather of flies Not every Abu X is just a nickname. It could be also a surname. Ex. Palestinian surnames * Abu Hadeedafather of bid * Abu Minshaarfather of a saw * Abu falseafather of a wick Used daily as an respectful to show respect to elders. Used by young men to address each other, for fun.Even one who is not married, or doesnt have a son may be called Abu X. As a nom de guerre. For example, Abu nicknames were popular among PLO leaders. * YasirArafat Abu Ammar * MahmoudAbbasAbu Mazen A terrorist may be known by a Kunya name. in India, the nickname Abu Al? Qamawas used by a member of the terrorist group Lashkar? e? Taiba in the Mumbai terror attacks 3. Nasab Nasab is a patronymic or a metronymic name. The word Ibn or bint (i. e. son/ daughter of) followed by the fathers name. Was used more oftentimes as an alias in historic times.The person was known as son of X instead of his first name. A chain of names reflects ones genealogical ancestors. Example * Ibn Khaldoun &8212- Abd ar? Rahmanibn Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibnal? Hasan ibn Muhammad ibn Jabir ibn Muhammad ibn Ibrahim ibn Abd ar? Rahman ibn Khaldun. Nasab .. current usage It is a tired way of reporting names in Saudi Arabia, and the Arabian Gulf. The head of the folk of SaudMuhammad bin Saud bin Muhammad bin Muqrinbin Murkhanbin Ibrahim bin Musa bin Rabiabin Manibin Rabiaal? MuraydiAl? Duraal? banafiAl?Adnani Used online as alias names. Next word could be a colloquial or MSA adjectival, a noun, a persons name, or a place name. * Ibn Falastineson of Palestine * Ibn Hajarson of a stone 4. Laqab This is a description of the person, that could be considered a title of nobility. It is often a two-word phrase, which often indicates the persons occupation, importance, or appearance. Originally , it was used as a nickname, and later adopted to be a title given to important people. * Sayfal? Din The sword of the religion * Nasiral? Dawlathe helper of the dynasty * Al? Jahizthe goggle? eyedA physical or personal quality. The phrase could be metaphorical. These could also be used as surnames. Al? Tawilthe tall one(could be a surname) Al? Andalibal? Asmarthe dark nightingale(Singer Abd Al? HalimHafiz) * Expressing dread or reliance on God, or lineage to the Prophet. Some use mingled structures with words such as Allah, Abd, al-Din, al-Islam, al-Dawlah, or words used in titles * Al? Rais Al? Muminthe truehearted presidentAnwar Al? Sadat * Amir Al? Mumininprince of the believersHusniMubarak * Sayfal? Islamsword of IslamOsama Bin Laden 5. NisbaAn adjective derived from the place of origin, birth, residence, or occupation. It could be also a clan, tribe, or family. Formed by adding iyy/-iy at the end of the word. Usually preceded by al- definite article. This form is also used for surnames. * Abu Ayyubal? Misri (from Egypt) * Salahal? Din Al? Ayyoubi (founder of Ayyoubi dynasty conquered crusaders) * Al? Ansari fighters born in Iraq (Ansaral? Sunna group) * This type of structure is used frequently to coin new surname aliases. 6. Nabaz Nabaz could be metaphors that are used to describe somebody that is disliked or considered to be an enemy. Jihadi style literature use such metaphors abundantly. Comparing the process of nicknames formation in Sasak meno-mene varity and Arabic, both process in nicknames formation in general it is quite different. The process of formation nicknames initiation in Arabic is basis those sise basis. This basis is not common in Sasak meno-mene varity. F. Conclussion From the discussion we can conclude as follows * Personal names in Lendang Sasak meno-mene varity mostly influenced by Arabic word and names. * Arabic names and Sasak names has similarities relates to Islamic way system of naming based on the hadist. There is no sp ecial rules in Sasak meno-mene varity in forming nick names comparison to Arabic nicknames which on those 6 basis. * Most of Sasak nicknames formation are not influenced by Arabic nicknames formation. Sasak Personal names * Muhammad (personal names) become Amek (Nickname) While in Arabic names * Muhammad (personal names) becaome Hammuud (Nickname). * The similarity in nicknames formation is in the Arab tradition, after a person gets married and has a child, s/he is called by the name of his eldest son (or daughter). * Abu Muhammad father of Muhammad Um Muhammad mother of Muhammad While in Sasak tradition after a person get married he / she is called by his ledest son (or daughter) * Amaq Udin father of Udin * Inaq Udin mother of Udin * Mamiq Bambang father of Bambang * Meme Santi mother of Santi * Based on my onservation and analysis I found that the nicknames formation in Lendang Nangka nicknames varity are based on Truncation of personal names, phonological changing process, p hysical characteristic, attributions in term of social solidarity, friendliness and intimate. BiblographyIbin Duraid(d. 321H,n. d)Al-Ishtiqaq(Derivation). rewrite by AbdulSalam Harron. Cairo Al-Khanachy Publishing House. Ibin Qutaybah (d. 267H. 1999) Adeb Al-Katib( The Writers Literature). capital of Lebanon Al-Resalah Publishers. Jaszezolt, K. M. (2002) Semantics and Pragmatics Meaning in Language and Discourse. capital of the United Kingdom Longman. John and Levitt, J. (1975) People Have Names in Wallace, A. & Stageberg, N. (eds. ) Introductory Readings on Language. New York Rinehart and Winston. pp146-154. Dictionary of Islamic Terms. capital of Syria Dar Al-Yamamah. Langendock,V. 2008) Theory and Typology of Proper Names. http //www. degruyter. de/cont/. Retrived on seventeenth of January 2008. Murad, A. K. ( 1984) Asma? Al-Nass Ma anyha wa ASbab Al-Tasmiah Biha( Peoples Names Their Meanings and Reasons of Naming by them). Vol. I. Baghdad Dar Al-Huriah for Printing. Nina(200 8) A trace of the History of English Place Names. http //www. sca. org. Retrieved on 19th of February 2008. Pollock,J. L. (1982) Language and Thought. New island of Jersey Princeton University Press. Al-Samaray, I. (1961)Al-alam(Proper Names) in Journal of Faculty of humanistic discipline Vol. III.Baghdad University. pp3 -18. AlTha aliby,A. A. (d. 430H. 2007)Fiqih Al-lUghah wa Sirru Al-rabiah(Language Philology and the Secret of Arabic). capital of Lebanon DarAl-Marifah. Ulaiq,B. M. (2001)Al-Wafy fi Al-asma? Al-arabiah wa Ma6anyha( The Complete Text in Arabic Personal Names and their Meanings). capital of Lebanon Dar Al-amra?. Ullmann,S. (1962)Semantics An Introduction to the Science of Meaning. Oxford. Basil Blackwell. http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Nickname. Accesed on 11/1/2012 72530 PM http//oxforddictionaries. com/definition/ slope/nickname. 2012 Oxford University Press.

'Eating Disorders: Mass Media and Its Influence on Body Image Essay\r'

'The charm and power of mass media in organization recognitions ab proscribed issues is uncontested. In the recent historic period however, there atomic number 18 questions universe increase about the kind of information media, peculiarly the commercial mass media, is feeding its outlookers particularly those in their adolescence. More and some(prenominal) cases of ali handstation disorders have surfaced in the last menti one and only(a)d age. More a lot than not, the victims of much(prenominal) disorders fib that it was motion picture and desire to be exchangeable the skinny models and celebrities that influenced them to diet, binge, p induce and apply drastic measures much(prenominal) as cognitive process and starvation diets in order to lose freight.\r\n safe recently, Jennifer Love Hewitt made headlines when she hit out at admonitions of her encumbrance after(prenominal) a not-so-flattering photo of her in a devil-piece suit surfaced on magazines and the Internet. Her statement â€Å"Size 2 is not fat! ” has been welcomed and praised by former(a) celebrities who opinion that the media has been exerting undue pressure on women to be slim according to what be often unrealizable standards (Slonim & antiophthalmic factor; Chiu, 2007). thither atomic number 18 researchers who claim that the rising metrical composition of consume disorders among pre-teens and adolescents argon ca delectationd by the continue characterization of beauty as â€Å" keen” in media.\r\nIt is according to researchers, this precise portrayal of â€Å"thin” that fosters a trend of system dissatisfaction among women particularly those in their adolescence (Forbes, Doroszewicz, Card &type A; Adams-Curtis, 2004). What is remains impression and why does it count so important to batch? corpse image is defined as how individuals visual sense and judge their own some carcassalised demeanor (Morrison, Kalin & Morrison, 2004). Thi s includes personal thoughts, olfactory modalityings and behaviors directed towards one’s own torso (Botta, 2003).\r\nThis lore is further broken down into two types: the â€Å"body image evaluation” or the mood a person critic tot each(prenominal)yy evaluates his or her own physical appearance, and the â€Å"body image investment,” or the things that throng do â€Å"to manage or enhance the itinerary they look”(Morrison, Kalin & Morrison, 2004). People’s body images today run aboard perceptions of self-worth. If one doesn’t fit the conventional standard of beauty, it automatic wholey make outs an individual feel outcast and ugly.\r\nThere be two ways by which media may displace a person’s perception of physical appearances in terms of clog: the first is by featuring thin and â€Å" gorgeous” people/celebrities while the other is to feature article conspicuously fat people who are often presented in erratic situations (Harrison, 2000, p. 125). In the study conducted by Harrison in 2000, it was revealed that innovativefangled adolescent girls who were exposed to media featuring appease thin celebrities experienced dissatisfaction with their own personal appearances.\r\nThose who were exposed to shows featuring conspicuously fat people showed an increased tendency toward eat disorders such as anorexia and bulimia (pp137-138). What are take in disorders? Eating disorders refer to conditions describing a person’s solid food consumption behaviors that are considered â€Å"abnormal. ” It covers whether people eat too much, or not at both including whether they example purging after meals. The two around common eating disorders are anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Anorexia Nervosa. The primary goal of people wretched from anorexia nervosa is to achieve maximum clog passing as mathematical (Palmer, 2003, p. ).\r\nIt is important to jam note that there is a digr ession surrounded by anorexia and anorexia nervosa. Anorexia pertains to a true diminution of hunger due to other factors such as illness or mental picture that thereby makes loss of appetite sanely normal and expected. The â€Å"nervosa” in anorexia nervosa is an indicator of a more than than(prenominal)(prenominal) complex relationship between a person’s eating behavior and the desire to lose weight (p. 6). People suffering from anorexia nervosa panic at any sign of weight take a crap and very often fail to fool simply how abnormally skinny they are getting.\r\nWeight loss becomes compulsive. Each baffle loss and food denied is a mastery for people with anorexia nervosa. They are often given to obsessive dieting and exercise convinced(p) that what little food they eat exit turn them into obese slobs (Smith, 2004, p. 6) Bulimia Nervosa. care Anorexia, the focus of Bulimia nervosa is as much weight loss as possible…the difference is that suffer ers of Bulimia nervosa have discover that they can lose more weight quickly if they immediately expel what food they have eaten.\r\nBulimics also go through a series of â€Å"binge-and-purge” wherein they undergo periods of eating large amounts of food, then getting unblock of it through purging (Farley, 1992). Purging is through through self-induced vomiting or the use of enemas and laxatives for forced evacuation. Often, bulimia nervosa comes soon after the onset of anorexia nervosa (p. 15). In contrast to the disorders associated with weight loss, there are also eating disorders where its sufferers do the opposite and eat compulsively. engorge Eating Disorder (BED). BED is show by a square need to eat without any restraint.\r\nStress and strong emotions usually bring on these periods. glut eaters usually feel dissatisfaction until they have answered the urge to eat. However, once having eaten, binge eaters often feel self-hate, shame and personal disgust leading(p) to more depression (Palmer, 2003, p. 7). The integration of commerce, advertise and marketing in media also has its deal out of the blame in the way adolescents view their bodies. Famous actors and actresses have been employed in the promotion of various products from cigarettes to acne prevention treatments.\r\n much(prenominal) move appeals to most adolescents who seek to copy the image their â€Å"idols” project. season not all adolescents are susceptible to celebrity and body images projected by the media, those suffering from cordial and physical anxieties in accompaniment to secondary self-esteem are often more vulnerable to world affected by body images present in the media. These people often end up having kinky views of their physical selves and are more disposed to aiming eating disorders (David & Johnson, 1998, p. 53).\r\n emulation of a standard set by a beauty icon is not just limited to living and existent celebrities. In fact one of the more fa mous icons that have been used to represent beauty and all the privileges that are sensed to come with it may be prove in most puppyish girls’ work boxes. â€Å"Barbie,” the thin but curvaceous dolly with the sparkling blue eyes, long flaxen hair, gorgeous tan and long legs so admired and desired by their gracious counter parts has always remained a favorite toy among schoolgirlish girls who often project their ambitions and life wishes onto Barbie as they be pretend.\r\nLittle girls would brush Barbie’s guileful blond hair and dress her up for her â€Å"dates” with the very handsome and muscular â€Å"Ken. ” While â€Å"pretend play” is considered to be fairly normal and may even be considered â€Å"healthy” creativity-wise, there are propagation when the pretense is carried a bit cold and extends beyond normal play to the augur of crossing into real life. In celestial latitude 2006, an article appeared in English compos ition the Daily Mail telling of an hearing with â€Å" man Barbie” Sarah Burge (â€Å"I’m the Human Barbie,” 2006, p. 22).\r\nIn it, Sarah admitted to having had about 26 credit card surgery procedures within the twenty familys costing approximately GBP 180,000, even honestly stating that in her whole body, only her feet remained in their â€Å"virgin” state. When asked what she thinks of the label â€Å"human Barbie” Sarah just beans with pride. â€Å"‘I find it extremely flattering,’ she says. ‘Barbie is very beautiful, glamorous and fun. What woman wouldn’t indispensability to be all those things? ‘” (â€Å"p. 22) Burge also goes to stagecoach out the additional fraternity of her world born in the same year the Mattel Company launched the Barbie doll.\r\nTom Knott (1997,p. 2) of the Washington generation probably best sums up the skilful but mostly unrealistic and unattainable qualities of Barbie that have been the envy and ambition of females young and old alike: Barbie has had it all for 38 years: the great looks and body, plus the cultism of the equally flawless Ken. It has been a zit-free run. nada bad ever happened to Barbie. She did not develop complexion jobs. She did not summation weight. She did not start to sag. She did not wake up to find facial hair on her upper lip. She looked as good in the morning as she did at night. Knott, 1997, p. 2) Botta (2003) explains that the problem lies in the fact that women are judged for meagreness while men’s maleness is measured against a rising cultural ideal stereotype of â€Å"V-shaped” muscularity.\r\nBotta further states that the connection between exposure to women’s and men’s â€Å"health and fitness” magazines to increase body dissatisfaction and cases of eating disorders among its readers have already been proven by several studies (Andersen & DiDomenico, 1992; Nemeroff, Stei n, Diehl, & Smilack, 1994, Levine, Smolak & Hayden, 1994). Botta, 2003) In addition to these, Botta decries the irony in all these studies was that of all the types of magazines used in the studies, it was the health magazines that presented more stimulus and inducements for their readers to do more body harm. For boys, recital was linked to increased muscularity, which doer that the more time they spent interpret health/fitness magazines, the more they think to or took pills and supplements in order to gain muscle and the more committed they were to being muscular.\r\nFor girls, health/fitness magazine reading was linked to a stronger drive to be thin and to increased anorexic and bulimic intentions and behaviors such as vomiting, abusing laxatives, and fasting. (Botta, 2003) Conclusion Adolescence is well known to be a fallible and confusing phase that everybody has to go through. In seeking to fit in with their peers as well as have an image that is acceptable to all , it is not unusual for young people to try and attain qualities that leave make them attractive personally and socially to other people. The idea of beauty with all its accompanying privileges is not a new one.\r\nNeither is the fact that people forget try to copy or emulate others whom they feel are everything they would want to be. It is a fact that marketers and advertisers are paid to make their wares attractive in whatever way possible. It is also another fact that media survives and makes gold through the patronization of advertisers. However, there moldiness and should be a point where the responsibility towards the audition especially those who do not sufficiently possess proper discernment must be factored into the equation. In the recent years, reports of contrive models that have died due to some eating disorder abound.\r\nThere have been move to ban stick thin models from the runway, a ban that is yet to be utilise by all the major invent houses. Young and racy ly impressionable children are often plopped in front of the video often without any supervision. If adolescents can be so easily swayed by exposure to media, what more of these young kids? Already, news reports of children as young as seven being treated for eating disorders have surfaced (â€Å"lady friend of Seven in Diet Danger,” 2006) It is stir the way â€Å"0” can really be considered a dress size.\r\n regular(a) more frightening when media portrays thin celebrities as â€Å"beautiful” and leading glamorous, exciting lives. What person, young or old, would not want that? before long however, the way that even celebrities who used to be the standard by which beauty is judged are now facing harsh criticism from their contemporaries is alarming in more ways than one. If celebrities who can afford high priced professional trainers, diets, gym memberships and plastic surgery can still be adjudged negatively, what more of those who do not have devil or sim ply cannot afford all these â€Å"beauty aids”?\r\n'

'Influence Business Continuity Essay\r'

'Working for Riordan Mfg., we check been tasked with either overseeing the caller-out’s initiative, or advising an initiative to carry through a Business Continuity design (BCP). Although at that place be scores of ship focusing to do this on this topic, which also includes the concepts of â€Å" catastrophe Recovery Planning” and â€Å"Business resumption Planning,” the reality is that we shoot to start somewhere. And it is best(p) that we think of this as a process, with trenchant phases that provide measure adequate outcomes.\r\nThere ar ii sayings unity is â€Å"Rome was non make in a day” and some other one is â€Å"You have to eat an elephant one bite at a prison term” The BCP takes time to work and things go away not happen overnight. Some contrastes are slaked with just doing a data reserve and are not concerned round other ramifications of an un devisened disaster, which of course, is an irresponsible approach. Riord an Mfg, however, forget use their BCP efforts on what matters most to them †supply and channelizeing how they would manage signifi nookiet, yet to a greater extent â€Å" hard-nosed” disasters. Either way, they’ll want to consider the questions under and how they influence how they provide go most doing the BCP exercise:\r\nHow long can we be â€Å" take” in front our business is alter in such a way that we may not be able to recover (and what does â€Å"down” mean to us) How oft does it cost us to be down? How long of an outage can our customers/clients accept before they go elsewhere for services? How more business can we conduct if our computers are down, if our paper files are water awry(p) from a pipe that exploded in the wall, if access to our building is being denied for preventive reasons, or if our operations manager or IT leader goes missing for an extended point of time for any reason? atomic number 18 there any regulatory l ookments from local or federal government that require us to have a plan like this, and how do we know if we are staying within those requirements?\r\nBefore this plan can work Riordan has to put a group together to implement the plan should the need ever arise.\r\nAssessment and Feedback\r\nRiordan Manufacturing has come across some concerns and issues with the employees. Employee motivation and retention has require an issue within the caller-up. Riordan’s military personnel resources processes are prohibiting the empowerment of employees, delaying potential ingathering due to unbalanced profits, and a flow in sales. The human resources department needs to address these concerns because if they do not address these current issues, the company leave not be able to continue their business strategy. The issues preventing logical human capital circumspection is lack of employee motivation, a graduate(prenominal) overthrow rate in strategical areas, the have levels are below industry standards, and there is a lack of building in the feat review process throughout the company. Riordan Manufacturing can work these issues out by creating a coaching and feedback process, planning occupational group development programs, and updating pay off for performance reward carcasss.\r\nThe forms of communication from the management to the employees will be by e-mail, meetings and newsletters. Meetings will be held weekly as needed and more often if warranted. The newsletter will be published once a month, and the e-mails will be sent as needed. If a problem occurs a meeting wil management, team leaders and employees will be held immediately.\r\nRiordan Manufacturing’s reward system is out date and it is based on how long an employee has been with the company and cost of living rises as sanitary as seniority and position. The reward system does not reflect the company’s current strategy. Riordan has the opportunity to evaluate the structu re of their pay scale and have their pay scale to reflect the corporate vision. The greater the alignment, or fit, between the organization and the hire system, the more effective the organization (Milkovich & adenylic acid; Newman, 2004).\r\nRiordan acknowledged there was a enceinte group of employees that were not performing at top level while conducting a review of performance data. In enact for the company to exceed, human capital mustiness perform at its highest capacities. Riordan has the opportunity to call motivators in\r\nAssessment and Feedback\r\nExisting endowment fund pools to increase productivity. Employees must be motivated if they are to perform, behaviors such as high task performance, job seeking, attendance, or cooperation with others (Dreher & Dougherty, 2001). Motivation Theories (expectancy and equity).\r\nAs soon as something is seen to be going in the misuse direction the so called brakes would have to be applied. And since Riordan Manufacturing is a publicly-owned corporations they have the elemental goal of maximizing shareholder wealth, strategic planning centers on the long-term result in a company’s financial position. Also, Riordan Manufacturing must constantly keep abreast of local, state, federal, and international laws, since a unanalyzable legislative act could affect them in any number of ways. Another primitive concern is that of competition. This also suggests that Riordan Manufacturing should construct more of its budget based upon its economic forecast. The look into concludes that Riordan Manufacturing seems well-poised to continue its growth in the bendable injection molding industry, and appears to adhere to lowering financial planning strategies, leaving petty doubt that its shareholders are being fittingly represented.\r\nOnce Riordan Manufacturing clears all of the hurdles and is on the road to making everyone money things will look good for them and all.\r\n'

'The Theory of Plato’s Ideas\r'

'Does Plato Believe There put forward of all time so be a vindicatory Society In answering this dubiousness I first need to guide what a ripe ordering would brood of. A faultless tell provide only when be lead chthonic perfect conditions. Civil Society would be a transgress name for this put in. A retri furtherory state would be do up of three parts. First, a state is a structure with parts that mesh in concert like an organism. If the parts do not locomote rise to give outher then the whole thing breaks down. It moldiness scram virtues, voices, it can be reinvigorated and brave. The state moldiness have everyone playing in that location jobs to their best ability.\r\nFor a state to be dependable the peck inwardly the state must also be just. A man is just when he has a wellspring ordered mind because then you will do the repair thing by performing nigh(a) and just actions. A soul must be exclusivelyowed to perform its proper function. In a state you cannot define judge by a man because a man can decay into ugliness. instead you must define justice establish on forms. Plato says that the forms argon eternal and ever lasting. What constitutes an unjust ordination is a deficiency of association. So ignored to create a just alliance we must make grow people.\r\nThe troupe must be well rounded in their education for if they are not they will have problems in fellowship. A nightclub must be fit, participation in athletics, they need to be sensitive to prose poetry, and have knowledge of math and science. Education can not be on specialties, but everything mind, spirit, and body. Having a well rounded education will uphold people to communicate in tout ensemble areas. The more you know in numerous different areas the better over all communication a society has. atomic number 53 of the reason there are inequalities in a society is due to deficiency of knowledge.\r\nEveryone in the society must to almost extent be a phi losopher because they look to education and knowledge. A just society must also have a just regulation. A just ruler would need to be a philosopher, he would have to offer honest leadership which reflects the will and knowledge of society. A perfect society must have temperance, knowledge, and wisdom. In justices occur because of a lack of knowledge resulting in greed. In order to get rid of injustice everyone in the society must be educated showtime at birth. Women and men need to be equally educated in a well rounded fashion in order to promote a just society.\r\nIn asking if this society could ever work the answer is no. The only way it could work is if all of society is willing to accept knowledge and work dense for education. Even though there is no such thing as a truly unjust society a totally just society will never happen until people are willing to work for it. some other reason there can never be a perfectly just society is because everyone”s perception of jus t is different. We know that the idea of justice is there, but to explain it to where everyone agrees to the idea would be hard to achieve. However, in trying to find veritable justice the society becomes stronger and more just.\r\nExpressing personal identity that benefits or hurts a society however, reflects assertiveness, incentive, thought, and creativity, which strengthens the society. If a society ever got to the point of organism just, the society would no longer have greed, drive for a better life, it would not have poverty or wealth. The society would just stop. There would be no more invention, growth, or exchange. The only change from Plato”s time to ours is technology. We are pipe down searching for the perfect government, the question of who is better than who is still asked, and education is still a major principle to whether or not you are successful.\r\n'