Sustainability and ethics course Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Sustainability and ethics course - Essay ExampleIt has maintained a steady growth with see to net margin and other financial indicators. Nissan requires acquiring a detailed idea about the threats and weaknesses that it magnate face and possess while operating efficiently in the global automotive industry.In wrong of findings, it ass be noted that the management team of Nissan is efficiently working towards collecting feedbacks from its stakeholders by placement conferences, making direct dialogues and interviewing among others. It can be affirmed that by adopting and executing effective strategies, the company can overcome its weaknesses and mitigate the threats that arise during the conduct of various operations. It is projected that such strategies will contribute into change the company to reap several significant benefits and derive positive outcomes.Nissan is regarded as a multinational argument organisation operating in the worldwide automobile industry. Its cars are so ld globally under the work name of Nissan. In 2013, Nissan unveiled its logo under the steel-blue frame, which differentiates itself with its brand (Nissan Motor Corporation, 2014). Nissan has left its mark by creating wide assortment of cars and trucks. It has traded these in the brand name of Nissan, Datsun, Infiniti and Nismo. Presently, it is expanding its operations by conducting an alliance with Renault a France found automotive company with holding 43.4% share (Nissan Motor Corporation, 2014).Nissan aims to offer innovative products, services and excitement to the customers crosswise the globe wherein it operates. Currently, the company possesses manufacturing outlets in twenty countries and provides service in excess of 160 countries throughout the globe. In offering services worldwide, Nissan has utilized the strategy of embracing diversity to meet the demands of diverse customers and also to bring through the sustainable growth of its

Equality and inequality in the American society in 1830s -1840s Essay

Equality and inequality in the American parliamentary law in 1830s -1840s - Essay ExampleDuring this period, inequality was manifested socially, economically, and politically. Socially, different groups of American had unequal access to wealth, power, resources, and prestige (Atack, and Passell 67). ground on your gender, race, ethnicity, age, religion, and nationality, American society accorded favor to some groups. For instance, blacks and the minority groups were subjected to slavery and workmanship. They served the upper tiers Americans under developing and hardship. Besides, in the cranch market place, American employers practiced nepotism and wage discrimination especially to the minority groups including women, blacks and Hispanics. Inequality was gain practiced in political and elective sectors. The minorities especially blacks had limited participation in electoral and parliamentary process of the coupled States. They were not allowed to actively take part in the ele ctoral process, thus denying them their rights and freedoms. On the other hand, during this period, there was income inequality in the United States. Income and resources were unevenly distributed in the society with only 1% of the top social class owning more than 78% of the limited resources and wealth (Atack, and Passell 67). Changes in the dig up market Until mid-nineteenth century, American economy was agriculturally dominated. The agrarian revolution period was characterized with low wages, wage discrimination, lack of labor unions, and fight labor. However, after the moving from agricultural to industrial, the marker of the united states undergone transformation. The labor market moved from force labor to free labor. These reforms in the labor market were pioneered by the social legislation of Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal. Although labor organizations and the changes in the labor market were harshly received by the employers who had strong exploitative philosophy, the re forms were very honorable to the working forces. As a result of the reforms, exploitation, low-wage, poor working conditions, lack of workmanship protection and allowance regime ended (Altonji and David 45). Besides, work place discrimination and inequality cases were negligent. The powers of the unions were reinforced, which in turn increased the embodied bargaining power of workers and increased their rights, protection, and freedom. These reforms also reduced the wage disparity based on gender, race, color, age, or nationality. However, the transformation of the labor force from manufacturing to services led to a decline in industrial productivity. wide immigration to the U.S in 1820s-1850s In the first half of the 19th Century, United States reported an influx in the number of immigrants especially after the Civil War. Being beginning of industrial revolution, these immigrants were of great economic derive to the United States as the immigrants worked long-hours at a relativ ely low wage rate. From 1820 to 1850, approximately 23 gazillion people migrated to the United States for a various reasons. Some came as laborers, other came to seek refuge, and others came to serve as indentured servants while a small fraction of them came to attain higher education. As a car park phenomenon in human migration, the pull and push factors are practically behind these increased cases of immigration to the United States. The push factors which forced the immigrants to desert their original homes included famine, poverty, wars, military drafts, crippling taxes, and unemployment

Analysis of the poem The Jabberwocky Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Analysis of the poem The Jabberwocky - Essay ExampleA closer look at the first two sentences reveals that the words are not orderly create making readers to question their originality as they are far strange from the commonplace world. Going down to parenthood six, the poet is making an allusion of an enemy whose identity is known by using illusion as a look other than equipped with rather nasty jaws and claws. In line six of the poem, the poet goes further to give an score of the features of the monsters he is alluding about giving the audience a clue that whatever he is describing is not from this ordinary world.Secondly, the poet uses sound and word play to give more meaning to his poem. An archetype is that in line one, the poet uses a word like port compositionte ua which is derived from two words which contributes in giving the word force and meaning when organism read by the audience. In line twenty three, the poet uses sound play to show the expression of joy. An exampl e is the use of frabjous instead of fabulous.The conflict arising from the poem is that between good and evil. This is presented by the hero and the jabberwork who is considered the evil in the poem. An analysis into the two opuss shows that conflict only arises when the two, hero and jabberwork meets. Therefore, the poem brings out the element of an ordinary man standing against a beast which is not known to this world. Surprisingly, the conflict manifest itself as the hero, human cosmos is forced to fight with something which lacks sense in the world as it is an imaginary creature created in the approximation of the poet.The theme of violence is also present in the poem because towards its climax. In the second stanza, its sets up the theme as the protagonist of the poem prepare to face the unknown beast into the wild. This when interpreted simply mover that the protagonist was going to start a conflict between him and beast. Moreover, we notice that the hero at the turn back manages to

Central Park Five and Scotts Brothers Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

key Park Five and Scotts Brothers - Article ExampleFrom this paper it is clear that the annoyance of rape/sexual snipe in the context of these two cases is a race crime. It is imagined that since the Black and Latinoboys were around when the rape cases occurred, they argon expected to have a link with the occurrence. Black and Latinohave long been linked to crime cases.This study outlines thatfor Scottsboro Boys, the press mobilized the public to perpetually consider the sentence on the boys a miscarriage of arbiter. The media evermore questioned the way in which the case was conducted. The same applied for The Central Park Five that had the press always insisting that the boys were innocent and the case was simply made-up. For the two cases, the fact that the reporter considers most contemptible is the earthly concern that the youth of the boys in question was robbed. For The Central Park Five, he is shocked that the police ignored there existing no physical evidence. For Sc ottsboro Boys, I am surprised that only black boys were arrested. Miscarriage of justice is evident in the two cases. As Burns et al indicate, it is true that Raymond, Kevin, Antron, Yusef and Kharey witnessed weird behaviors in the park. Forcing them to avouch to the rape case is indeed illegal. The same applies to Scottsboro Boys who were falsely accused of the rape of two women in 1931 whilst on a train. The constitutional right to have proper evidence prior to sentencing was violated.

Personal Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

face-to-face Development - Essay Exampleessed, I have had the chance to increase the amount of time that I spend with the instructors in terms of learning after class and made sure that I went oer all the material that was delivered in class. In the event that there was a concept or menses that needed to be clarified, I made the resolve to talk to the instructors before the next class so that I may understand the concept and catch up with the rest of the group.Social development has as well as been a consider able-bodied part of my personal development as I made the discovery that I was lacking soft skills in comparison to other people. The significance of these skills in the school and work surround cannot be ignored, therefore, I had to develop them so that I could avoid cases of skill mismatching in school as well as the workplace. (Zenger and Folkman 137). Improving interactions with other individuals was among the main goals of my personal development and as the semester prog ressed, I had to top changes on the ways I related to people through allowing more time for interactions. I was able to grasp this goal through seeking an elective position as a representative of peerless of the alliances in school and the acquisition of the leadership position was critical for the developing my leadership skills. Being choose for this post has also assisted me to enhance my communication skills as am tasked with communicating the needs and issues of the members of the club to the leaders of the club. This has also assisted me to become a break dance listener while developing more focus in my activities since I have other responsibilities apart from my schoolwork.I had also intended to better my social interaction both within and outside the school and among the most effective ways, that I chose to achieve this was through more involvement in extra-curricular programs. Settling on a particular activity was not easy as there were numerous programs to choose fr om, nevertheless, I had an awareness of the significance of this and

New Pharmaceuticals Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

spic-and-span Pharmaceuticals - Essay causeSecondly, the labeling of the medicine is verified and its contents be determined. Thirdly, the methods of manufacturing adopted are verified for their effectiveness in retaining the medicates identity, strength, quality and purity in adequate measures. The NDA has been so designed as to reveal the solid history behind development the drug such as animal studies, human clinical trials, instrument of action of the drug on the body, methods of manufacture and packaging (NewDrugApplication). Development Process Discovery or blueprint of a new drug usually involves selecting a few say five out of to a greater extent than 5,000 new compounds that are considered safe enough to conduct trials in humans and pre-clinical evaluations lasting for three to hexad years. From the five compounds selected, only one is approved by the FDA for introduction in the market for treatment. The research deal involves the following sequence Target identifi cation, target prioritization/validation, lead identification and lead optimization. Once the drug is optimized by dint of in vivo and in vitro studies involving animals, it is used in human volunteers as an investigational drug. There are a account of phases of testing of drug on humans consisting of cast I Clinical studies, Phase II clinical studies, Phase III clinical studies, Phase IIIb/IV studies and Post Approval studies. Phase I meant for bridle of safety and tolerability in humans lasts for six to nine months. Usually 20 to 100 healthy volunteers are given the investigational drug for a short term for documentation as to how the drugs is absorbed, distributed, metabolized in the body and excreted from the body. Phase II determines the effectiveness and further safety of the candidate drug on the humans. This phase would last for a period of six months to three years. In Phase III, the drug undergoes randomized and blind clinical trials involving several(prenominal) hundr ed to thousands of volunteering patients for whose diseases the drug is intended. Phase III b is usually the immediate pre-approval head. Post approval stage involves testing of the drug introduced in the market focusing on unknown side effects and different risk factors (PPD). Cost of development It has been estimated that new drug discoveries have increased human life foreboding and economic gains from new drugs are estimated to be more than $ 500 billion per year. In view of the to a higher place said prolonged development phases, a company has to incur costs not less than $ 800 one thousand million to $ 2 billion per drug. In once instance, Pfizer has reported an investment of $ 800 million for Phase III trials alone(predicate) for one drug. The cost is huge because the U.S. F.D.A. approves just one drug out of five compounds selected out of 5,000 to 10,000 compounds to begin with studied. It takes at least 12 to 15 years for discovery and development of a drug. Though the glaring period is 20 years for a drug, effective period available to the drug developer is hardly 12 years in view of the time consumed in the developmental period when the drug developer is allowed to use the drug along the way on volunteers (Masia n d ) Works Cited Masia, Neal. The Cost of Developing a New Drug, Focus on Intellectual Prperty Rights. n.d . 27 March 2011

Is Glenn Beck a populist Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Is Glenn Beck a democrat - Essay Examplethrough this program are addressed toward the complications of the current programs and state that there of necessity to be a change in the structure and function of politics. Specifically, Beck focuses on the elitist class and the way that this has shape politics outside of the democratic vision that first prepareed the country. The opinions and viewpoints that Beck holds toward the current political situation is one that defines him as a populist, specifically by showing the loss of power to the people and the lack of change that the government has provided under the names of democracy.The representation that Glenn Beck carries is one that began with his past and his specific life experiences. It is through the associations that Beck had growing up that led him into the role of representing the populist movement and the different concepts that applied to this. Beck grew up in a plain town in America and began to work into radio beginning at the age of 15. Beck often speaks slightly the suicide of his mom and the breakdown of his family, which led him into specific difficulties through his earlier life. Through his upbringing, and by the beat he reached 30, he went through several small companies and jobs. He claims to have struggled with problems such as alcoholism, drugs and finding his way through America to get the job and dream that he desired. When he turned 30, he had one child and a girlfriend who would only marry him if he began to change some of the concepts in his life. He began to change his path by joining the Mormon religion and focusing on enough a better career oriented individual. However, as he began to focus on this new path, he also recognized that there was a change in America and what was occurring. The recognition that he found led him into the movement created through his entertainment station and allowed him to begin approaching a different persona of entertainment center, specifically w hich was for the people (Zaitchik, 2009).Beck

E-mail protocol Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

E- send protocol - Research Paper ExampleAnonymity of all the parties together with meaning security and integrity can be ensured by use of digital signature protocols that make it practicable for delivery of electronic mail to be certified. i. Several reasons make it necessary to certify delivery of electronic mail. These include a. To eliminate the danger of hacking, reverse engineering and eavesdropping. b. To ensure that the parties to an electronic nub remain unnamed to each other for security reasons. c. To make it possible to safely transfer information from one political party to a nonher or from one sender to multiple recipients while at the same time addressing the sheer of repudiation. ii. Certifying delivery of electronic mail has several advantages over conventional mail because a. It improves efficiency of mail delivery while at the same time taking cargon of security concerns. b. Either of the parties to the message is blockaded by the protocol from ever denyi ng having received or sent the message. iii. The protocol ensures that just the intended message is sent. E-mail Protocol Abstract The issue of security can never be overlooked in this digital age when it comes to corporate netmails. A simple leakage of confidential information can render a huge social, economical and political scene that can be costly in cost of money. Therefore, the need to add value to delivery of important data over the internet to safeguard exclusive and corporate interests cannot be overemphasized. To guarantee delivery of email messages, it would be paramount to consider using certified mail and lay down stringent rules to govern employee conduct towards the use of conventional email. However, there are controversies that surround the use of certified mail in that it deals only with a single sender and a single recipient. So, what happens when there is the need to send an email message to more than one recipient? The do lies in the use of a multi party certified e-mail protocol with multiple recipient capabilities. It enables the sender to realize his intention of sending standardised message to multiple recipients. Any recipient who acknowledges receipt of the senders message is guaranteed to have received the email. To appreciate the role of email protocols best, it would suffice to not only consider how security loopholes can be sealed in the current internet infrastructure only when also look at possible ways of curtailing weaknesses and optimizing on strengths of email protocol. Introduction Without email protocols, it would not be possible to maintain a consistent and orderly system for transporting, routing, handling, retrieval and storage of email messages. Email protocols provide the rules for governing such activities. There are several protocols that enable a mail server and a mail client to exchange information but this will be dealt with by and by on in this document. Though these protocols differ in some ways, yet they all follow similar pattern. First, one computer will normally start a conversation with another. Second, as the conversation is taking place, the server acknowledges the command using a certain code. The code informs about the success of the command or if an error occurred and finally the conversation is ended. The email protocol helps eliminate communication barriers in email systems thereby making it unnecessary to rely on proprietary protocols. This has the overall effects of making communication to be efficient by eliminating the need of

Human Error in Aviation Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Human flaw in Aviation - Research Paper ExampleStudies show that out of the melody accidents that occur in the US, 60% to 80% are due to kind-heartede error. Loss of or poor Crew vision Management (CRM) facilitates most of these accidents. US airlines fail to give their crew proper formulation and CRM, which are actually vital in preventing man errors in the aviation industry. Another important factor in human errors and aviation accidents is the Swiss cheese model in which antisubmarine dodgings consists of slices or pieces, as well as holes resulting from opening, and displacement of the slices, which result in human error. Since human errors occur due to psychological and physiological factors, aviation psychology is an effective solution for human failures in aviation. In addition, at that place should be proper training and CRM for aviation crew focusing on human factors.Accidents are part of our everyday life. Most of these accidents are attributed to the mistakes w e make. Many theories link accidents to placements failure other than human errors. However, there is increasing focus on human error as one of the major causes of accidents. Error classification method was developed to explain the miscellaneous causes of human error in aviation. Error classification method analyzes the ways in, which people contribute to system reliability or the system failure. Many aircraft accidents result from human error other than systems failure. When investigating accidents, there should be a focus on human errors that might have led to an aviation accident. This is because system failures result from the engineers failure or errors in making the craft. This research essay seeks to justify the argument that human errors are the main factors behind aviation related accidents.According Reason, high technology systems consist of defensive layers that either are engineered or rely on people and administrative procedures (6). Engineered defensive systems inclu de forcible

The learning journal entry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The information journal entry - Essay ExampleThe definition provided for leadership was the act of influencing others toward a goal. During the session some of the students found leaders in their parents, professors or other tutors and coaches. Through this discussion I learnt that it was important for students to surrender real life leaders as we can gain immense knowledge from them and their experiences pull up s implys stand by us learn several life lessons.In addition to this I also learnt the formula for carrying into action which was equal to ability plus indigence. Both these elements were required in order to bring out our better(p) performance both in academics and in life. In case ability is absent, any amount of motivation provide not matter however when someone has outstanding ability but is not sufficiently motivated then their performance is bound to be affected. In order to build our ability either individual requires an aptitude or interest towards a task, an d a right amount of training and resources that will improve their ability in a given task. Along with the above constant motivation will increase their desire and commitment towards the task. Motivation will help to build desire and interest towards the bleed and lead to goal-directed behavior. In short, when people desire something and are sufficiently motivated towards achieving it, they would automatically take all the actions that would lead them to their goal and re main committed towards it. Furthermore there are four main factors that are required for motivation namely ability, resource, information and support.For the rest of my management class I qualify to be more committed and perform to the best of my ability. For instance, I should work towards understanding the content in the textbooks rather than merely memorizing them. I have come to realize that the sole purpose of education is not about getting high grades rather it is about gaining as much knowledge as we

Intro to Film Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Intro to Film - Essay modelThe story is written and directed by Joss Whedon who brought the movie into reality with the assistance of the production designer crowd Chinlund and the art directors like Benjamin Edelberg, Jann K. Engel, Gregory Hooper, Billy Hunter, Richard Johnson and Randy Moore. The trailers of the movie (movieclip.com) show the main regions of the story in action, depicting their attributes. For instance, the iron man describes himself as playboy, billionaire and genius. One could see how confident he is about himself with the way he talks and walks so that smashers cold almost dislike his character. He also says he is non a team-player, unable to work with others, when he and the other members of the team were called for their mission. However, as any other hero, the Ironman has a soft spot and that is, having the heart to do whatever it takes for him to be a part in saving the world. In addition, his claim to being a billionaire is not just a matter of talk but the truth of it is shown through his lifestyle and the gadgets used for his armor. Viewers cannot help but be astounded at how Ironmans fit is undressed and kept by machines as he walks in his home. His residence is full of highly advanced technology like touch-screen, thin, transparent and sleek computers. His cell call off is one that is not yet seen in the market today. This makes the film quite futuristic because it demonstrates gadgets that may be produced in the future. In contrast to the character of Ironman, Captain America is the humble and quiet type of guy. His fig out makes viewers easily detect him because of the star and colors of the American flag used in his attire. Thor portrays a warrior. His clothing shows he is not of this world but from somewhere where they are not as advance(a) as the humans on earth. Hawkeye is the mortal hero with an exceptional skill in archery. His simplicity makes any viewer easily connect to him. The exclusively female member o f the team, the Black Widow, is a beautiful new(a) Russian spy who is skilled and witty. She bears the soft side of any woman and portrays it well in her character as the one sent to convince the Incredible Hulk to join the team in retrieving the virile tesseract from the antagonist, Loki. When the scientist asked her what she would do if he said no to her, the woman answered that she will persuade him. Unlike the other heroes, she does not have superpowers but she is endowed with exceptional skills that make her essential in the team. She is a warrior, a symbol of courage who will not say no to any war. Her physical built is not only aesthetically useful in her role but it also shows how appropriate her role is. Lighting effectuate are largely used in the movie especially that it is an action-science fiction that portrays highly advanced technologies. For instance, the suit of Ironman makes him able to fly and appear in a flash. This necessitates the use of lights from the suit to show how close he travels. Without the light, he would not be recognized from afar not until he gets near the tv camera for a clear view. However, with a spark of light that becomes larger as it gets nearer, the Ironman is presented in a more realistic manner that makes viewers awed. Another role of lighting seen in the movie is it attracts the viewer

Story from the bible 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

narrative from the bible 2 - Essay Examplethe teachings of the Old Testa custodyt in which women were often considered to be the bow of evil on earth and were therefore condemned to a life of in opposeity in eternal servitude to the men whom shed wronged. Although this has long been accepted as the historic custom, there is little evidence in the al-Quran that saviour felt this was an appropriate behavior. When one reads through the gospels carefully, one can find numerous instances in which women were considered to be inferior to men, still that savior broke the customs and laws concerning how they were to be treated. Throughout the gospels, Jesus can be seen to act in direct opposition to the way in which men were judge to treat women as he deliberately moved against Old Testament law to embrace women as equal human beings engaged in the process of life. In his actions and words, Jesus can be seen to contact a revolutionary approach toward women as he consistently treated w omen as real passel of equal value to men.In the gospels alone, there is a lot of evidence that women were not considered equal to men. The idea that they were considered marginal individuals is discussed in the Womens Bible Commentary in a number of areas but Jesus recognized them anyway. In Mark 5 25-34, for instance, a woman who has had a discharge of channel for twelve years without finding any successful treatment believes that if she can just touch Jesus clothes she will be healed of her illness. She is correct in her belief as she sneaks up shadow him and the instant her hand touches his robe, her body is healed but she is doubly-marginal because she is a woman and because she is bleeding, but Jesus turns and speaks with her and blesses her anyway.another(prenominal) form of a double-marginal woman was a woman who was also a foreigner. There are at least two places where Jesus went directly against custom by speaking with these women directly. In John 47-530, he takes time to speak with a woman from Samaria. Unlike the woman

IP 2 - Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

IP 2 - Art - Essay ExampleThe sphinx was smashed into fragments by Hatshepsuts successor and cousin, but it was later on reassembled the Metropolitan Museum of art in New York, where it is on view in gallery 131.The Statuette of concupiscence depicts a winged Eros, wearing Herakles lion skin. The cuttings dimensions are 39.4 cm x 26.7cm x 16.5 cm. The sculptor used terracotta (clay-based ceramic) to produce this masterpiece back in the 1st Century B.C. The statuette belongs to the Museum of mulct Arts, Boston. However, the Statuette of Eros is non on view. The sculpture is slightly in motion because Eross left hand is extended while his left hand is hidden behind his back. Eros simulate shows that he is standing, but the arms show that there may be small movements. Eros wears a lion skin that covers him head to toe. There are traces of red on his chest, perhaps from the lions blood. Eros wear a circlet on his left thigh and a bracelet on his hurrying left arm. The sculpture cap tures the viewer because it portrays Eros as Herakles. The Statuette is chubby, beautiful (wings and ornaments), and seductive.Heracles of Mantinea or Heracles Combattant is a goodish delegacy of Heracles in action. The small structure is a representation of ancient Greek art and was sculpturesque between the 5th and 4th centuries B.C. The figure is made out of bronze and is 13 cm tall. The sculpture is located in the Room 22, Sully Wing of the Louvre Museum in Paris. However, the room is currently not open to the public. The small bronze represents a bearded man who appears to be taking a push up with his left foot. Heracles right arm is raised behind his head (as if grabbing his mythical club), whereas his left arm is stretched forrad (as if clasping something/someone). The aforementioned attributes, along with the powerful musculature, are a clear indication that the figure is a representation of the Greek legend

Eczema Nursing Presentation PowerPoint Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Eczema Nursing - PowerPoint Presentation ExampleWith relation to the differential diagnosis, a range of conditions collect to be differentiated including psoriasis, fungal infections, scabies, scarlet fever, pityriasis rosea, measles, tinea corporis and squamous cell carcinoma. Introduction/Definition Eczema or dermatitis is a disorder in which the pelt is inflamed (especially epidermis) along with the development of vesiculation sometimes in incisive phases. It has been derived from the Greek word meaning to boil out, and hence medical practitioners consider it to look resembling the skin is boiling out. The condition is unremarkably acute in nature, but can be a chronic seditious disorder of the skin causing pruritius, redness, vesiculation, which finally become encrusted, hemorrhagic, thickened and scales off (Vorvick, 2009). whatever of the common types include- Allergic contact eczema Following contact with a foreign substance such as a poison, lotion, etc, there is a lo cal allergic reaction Atopic dermatitis It is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder and often accompanied with other disorders such as asthma and convert fever. It is normally seen on the arms and at the back of the knees, and flare up periodically Contact eczema the reaction is localise when a allergen is contact causing itching, redness and swelling Seborrheic eczema- Commonly called as dandruff and is a mild skin inflammatory disorder arising due to unknown reasons and causing scaling, redness and itching of the scalp and face Neurodermatitis This is characterised by scratching or picking of the skin resulting in development of rashes Stasis dermatitis Develops from congestion of the veins of the legs resulting in irritation of the overlie skin Dyshidrotic eczema Commonly occurs on the palms and soles and is seen as deep-seated skin lesions Perioral eczema Bumpy rash and ulcers that develop about the mouth Nummular eczema This is a coin-shaped lesion that develops in an irritated portion of the skin causing scaling, itching and encrusting (MedicineNet, 2011). Pathophysiology The exact bewilder of eczema and dermatitis is still not clearly known, but it may be a result of interplay of host, genetic and environmental factors. Further, stress and various emotional disorders can worsen or exacerbate the condition especially atopic dermatitis (Mayo Clinic, 2011). close of the eczema occurs due to a hypersensitivity reaction of the skin, causing chronic skin inflammation (Lehrer, 2009). Some of the eczemas are autoimmune conditions and some of them are genetically transmitted, running in families. Atopic dermatitis is known to be transmitted through a genetic route and is often associated with asthma and hay fever. However, this association is often being questioned, as not all individuals with atopic dermatitis stomach asthma and hay ever, and not all individuals with asthma and hay fever have atopic dermatitis. However, both these conditions tend t o run in families, and this may be due to common genetic feature being carried on (Mayo Clinic, 2011). Such disorder appears on trivial inflammation of the skin. Allergic eczemas are usually common and the individual may also have other allergic conditions such as asthma, hay fever, etc (DIS, 2011). There are several exacerbating factors for

FIN501 - Strategic Corporate Finance Mod 3 SLP Essay

FIN501 - Strategic Corporate Finance Mod 3 SLP - Essay mannikinBut we might wonder what determines the rate of return that a shareholder would want on a particular stock? It would depend for one thing on the price of the stock (highs, lows and average) and the historical bm of dividend payouts that has been made in recent years. Though every stockholder would drive home his personal thoughts and opinions on this, we git be sure that it would be higher than the risk free rate- the rate on US political relation bonds maturing in one year and guaranteed by the Government. It would also depend on the Beta coefficient for that particular stock.In fact a considerably work out of the rate of return expected by a stockholder in relation to a particular stock would be given by the Capital summation Pricing Model formula which goes as follows Rj - RF = j RM - RF. By using this model, we can estimate the cost of equity or the rate of return that our unions shareholders require. Every f inancial manager must be aware of this because it will help to determine whether a particular course of action by the company will or will non add value to the shareholders. This is the minimum rate of return and may be regarded as the cost of equity.Given that the average cost of capital for a firm in the S&P 500 is 10.2 percent, I would have expected the Coca Cola Company to have a lower cost of capital than the average firm. This is because the Coca Cola Company is a good stock with consistency in performance and price. The price fluctuation for Coca Cola stock has not been too much, with a current price of $67.46, a low of $61.29 and a high of $71.77 in the put out 12 months (Yahoo Finance, 2012).Now I will compare the Beta and compute the Required Rate of take place using the CAPM for Dr. pour and the Pepsi Corporation, two competing firms of the Coca Cola Corporation and in the same industry sector. For Dr. Pepper the Beta is 0.74 and for Pepsi Corporation, the Beta is 0. 42 (Yahoo Finance, 2012). The required rates

Ethnographic Report Essay Example for Free

Ethnographic Report EssayIn order to make an ethnographical report, I visited a surf of Toys R Us in my native city in California. It was dictated in a big brisk cuckoldping center in the main street of the city. It was not a rattling big toy shop, but there was quite a good compartmentalization of different toys, and also there was a small piece of the goods for babies Kids R Us. That day it was really very crowded there, because it was Saturday afternoon and more parents could take their children out for shopping. Besides, as this mall was a brand new one in the city, there were dozens and dozens of new fire customers, arriving all the time. First of all, I paid attention on numerous young couples and teenagers, who came there definitely without intentions to bargain for something, but kind of to do window shopping. This could happen because the shop was, again, a brand-new place. Of course, there were many children there, who came mostly with their mothers or age d siblings. There were a lot of young women in the section of Kids R Us, who were interested in clothes, footwear or toys for teentsy babies. Therefore, I could notice almost total absence of mid-aged men in the shop. It was not easy to estimate correctly, whether those children were mostly boys or girls. Probably, the amount of male and female children in the shop was approximately equal. Boys were very energetic. They enjoyed mostly action toys, ductile guns, remote controlled cars and basketball sets. close to of them insisted on buying different toys from Spiderman and Hulk series, some chose Spiderman comics, and two of little boys became happy owners of Lego sets. Also, miraculous but rather expensive multifunctional Robosapien Robot was an extreme attraction for all the male part of the visitors.Certainly, little girls were very greatly interested in Barbie-dolls and their all possible accessories. Many girls were asking their mums to buy modified sets of toy cosmetics an d little dresses for their Barbie dolls. Some girls decided to buy new back-bags, stationary or other accessories for school, and one girl asked her mother to buy a big set for arts and crafts. Some little girls preferred to buy little plastic toys, like My Little Pony with a long tail and mane to be brushed by a little brush, included to the set.Extreme crowd of children of both genders could be observed in the section of stuffed animals, where lots of beautiful dogs, cats, horses, tigers or teddy bears, small and big in size, were waiting for their owners. There were many adults in this section also. Three-four of young men bought some cute teddy bears for their girl-friends, and one couple bought a huge stuffed dog. Teenagers and young people were more concentrated on electronic games, PC games, table games, and oddly puzzles I guess, more than a dozen of different puzzles was bought that day. Also, any little child could receive a huge colored balloon from the consultants of th e shop in the exit that used to make many little customers of Toys R US go almost ecstatic. During my visit I could observe overwhelming majority of clean-living Americans among the customers of the shop, but there was a family of Blacks parents and their two little daughters, who were not in hurry and s subalternly walked, observance around with great interest. Black girls were very silent they enjoyed plastic sets for playing on the sand, and then they chose a little doll of black color, which late on was bought by their parents for their pleasure.Besides, there were some children of Latin origin, who seemed to be there without parents, so they were extremely noisy and active. They were running around and trying many different toys without special preferences balls, guns, cars, etc. But in the end they did not buy anything proper, but some sets of plastic water guns and a cheap rubber ball.Generally, I would classify social status of all the visitors like low and mid class. I t hink, about 70% of all the buys were made by adults, mostly mothers or elder brothers, but there were children, who had some own money and could get something they want for themselves. But, certainly, serious expensive toys could be bought only by adults. To my mind, the most popular toys are action figures and accessories for Barbie.Visiting a toy shop is always pleasure for anybody. Shops of Toys R Us are really very beautiful, very optimistic places, where everybody seems to rifle very happy and joyful. It is so great to have such wonderful places all around the country, where every day thousands of smiles and good emotions are brought to so many peopleBibliography Toys R Us. Wikipedia. The Free Encyclopedia Online. 4 Oct. 2005. 6 Oct. 2005 http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toys_R_Us.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Info Tech Essay Example for Free

Advantages and Disadvantages of Info Tech Essay1.to a greater extent time I.T has make it possible for businesses to be open 24/7 all over the globe, making purchases from various countries easier and more convenient.it also means that u can have goods delivered right to your doorstep with having to move a oneness muscle.2.bridging the cultural gap I.T has helped bridge the cultural gap by helping people from different cultures to fleet with one another, and allow the exchange of views and ideas.increasing the awargonness and reducing prejudice. 3.communicationcommunication has become cheaper,quicker and more efficient. we can hitting anyone in the word simply by sending them and email or using one of the mixer networks for almost an instantaneous response.the internet has opened up face to face direct communication from different parts of the world by video conferencing.disadvantages 1.unemployment while I.T may have streamlined the business address it has also created te lephone line redundancies, downsizing and outsourcing. this means all the middle class jobs have been gotten rid of causation more people to loose their jobs2.lack of job security industry experts believe that the internet has made job security a big issue since technology keeps on changing everyday. this means that one has to be in a constant learning mode if he or she wishes to keep their job secure.3.privacy though I.T has made communication cheaper,faster and more convenient, it has also brought along some privacy issues.(eg. email hacking) people are now worried about their once private informationbecoming puplic knowledge.

Olson’s collection of short stories Essay Example for Free

Olsons collection of short stories EssayOne authoritative aspect of the plot is the get and her ironing of the dress. The narrator is a middle aged mother of tail fin Olson makes her out to be the type of woman that was r are for that time in American news report a mother who works and cares for her children at the same time. This is a matter of necessity since the father left when she was one.This is a circumstance which mirrored Olsons real life as well as a untried mother in the early 1960s when opportunities were starting to open up for women but were as they are to daytime. In that spirit, the script serves as a portrayal as an example of the unfairness of womens lives. In the book, the narrator who is left unnamed, reflects on her distant relationship with her eldest missy named Emily. The book is an expansion on the story about mother and daughter and their need to identify themselves despite living in a broken home during the Great Depression and trying to make ends meet.Gradually, the mother reveals that she was only nineteen herself when Emily, the daughter was born and due to the fact that there was no welfare system in place at the time, she was forced to leave Emily with the family of the father who left her. The narrator recalls how different Emily was from her siblings she did not smile or jest easily. The narrator has loved her as much as the others but was un suitable to learn how to betoken this approximately primary(prenominal) human affection. The narrator ties into this circumstance, the fact that Emily is very different from her siblings and does not laugh or show emotion easily.To make matter worse, Emily develops a severe case of the morbilli and she is quarantined from her mother and siblings again. The measles be get abouts too severe that Emily is sent to a convalescent home in the country. By the time she is allowed to come home, she is a skeleton of herself, both physically and emotionally as it is now impossible to g ive or receive any amount of physical affection. Later in Emilys developing, she is still finding her retiring(a) as a major impediment to her personal growth. Emily has no concern for the future and for her schooling and exams as well.Despite all of the attempts by Emilys family, no effort proves fruitful and the narrator informs the reader that the family has come to the consensus that they will let her be and will leave her alone. There is an unmistakable boundary between the identities of the mother and daughter despite the fact that they both have very similar pasts. But the asking for garter is what the narrator finds difficult when it comes to the assistance needed to help her daughter. You think that because I am her mother I have a key or that in some way you could use me as a key. She has lived for nineteen years.There is all that life that has happened outside of me, beyond me. The story and the narrator present the development of both mother and daughter as incomplet e. The daughter is still trying to find herself and her level of independence and the mother is struggling with her guilt that she feels by abandoning her daughter and the consequences Emily has suffered because of it. A deep sense of deprivation pervades I Stand Here Ironing. The mother describes numerous limitations she has had to confront poverty, abandonment by her first husband, housework, and motherhood itself. The bound resources of the mother limit the daughter as well.The mother feels helpless to encourage her daughters budding talent as an actress. Both the daughter and mother appear to be apathetic about their circumstances and the future by the end of the story. The daughter decides to sleep late and miss her exams because she says that at atom bomb is going to ready and everybody is going to be dead anyways. It is a sad story and a story of two individuals, important to each other, never being able to connect as a family should because of their inability to rise abo ve their circumstances which served as an impediment too great for them to overcome.WORKS CITED Byrne, Marie. The Essence of Tillie Olson. Bloomington University of Indiana Press. 1999 I chose this book because I found the person of Tillie Olson, a person that I had never heard before, as a fascinating one. Her life and the decades of struggle for womens rights was one that needed to be addressed and studied. In the website that she came up in and the impediments that she faced by not only her time in American History but as a single mother as well was a story that I needed to first understand, as well as a third party could before I was to write on any of her works.Olson, Tillie. I Stand Here Ironing. New York Dell Publishing, 1994 This book was chosen since it serves as the text for the book. This was read also to obtain direct quotes from the book and to reread a egress of passages that I, at first, did not understand its importance in relation to the flow of the story. The bo ok gives a legal brief summary of the biographical information of Tillie Olsen and the other accomplishments that she had other than her writing career. Revere, John. Charlestons Times messenger Tillie Olson January 3, 2007.I was surprised to discover that the death of Tillie Olsen had only occurred last month. When this was discovered, I looked at some newspapers for the day in order to find any obituaries on this person. And to my surprise, an extensive version was found and I was able to put a name to a face something that I have always found helpful when trying to understand a person. The article detailed the accomplishments of Tillie Olsen and what her peers and readers alike had to say about her in a contemporary context.

Debate over the Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798 Essay Example for Free

Debate over the Alien and Sedition titles of 1798 EssayOnce they arrived a French verbalizesman demanded 32 million florins and 250,000 for talking to Talleyrand. This did not include any promise of a resolution. Furious, the American delegates left. Once they got blanket to America, the rest of the nation was ready for war. That undeclared war was mainly fought on the seas for two and a half(prenominal) years. President Adams Alien and Sedition exercises were proposed to punish the French but also to ruin the Republican Party. Adams knew that immigrants do up the Republican Party in large part from France, England and Ireland. By halting the immigration of those people, Adams could backwardness get rid of Jeffersons Party. The debates for these acts were between the Federalists and the Republicans. Along with needing these immigrants to support their caller, Republicans found these acts wrong. As Thomas Jefferson once said, l am not a Federalist, because I never submitte d the whole system of my opinions to the creed of any party of men whatever in religion, in philosophy, in politics, or in anything else where I was capable of persuasion for myself.Such an addiction is the last degradation of a free and moral agent. On the other said, the Federalists matte up that they should not feel bad for France even if it is morally wrong. Alexander Hamilton said, The man who shall be the apologist of France, and who attacks his witness government, is not an American. The choice for him lies between being deemed a fool, a madman, or a traitor. The new American position on immigration violated its policy of friendly adaptation to immigrants.Due to the Alien Act and the Alien Enemies Act immigrants were afraid to live in America fearing deportation or imprisonment. The Alien Act gave the President power to deport all such aliens as he shall Judge dangerous to the peaceableness and safety of the Untied States. The Alien Enemies Act allowed the restraint and removal in time of war or resident adult aliens of the hostile nation. The Sedition Act caused the most uproar among Americans. It infringed upon two exemptions guaranteed by the scorecard of Rights.The freedoms, both included in the first amendment, were freedom of speech and freedom of press. The law said that anyone who spoke out against any government officials, including the president, would be imprisoned and fined. The act Jailed a number of antiauthoritarian Republican editors, publishers and politicians. Politicians looked to use the Acts to rid themselves nd the country ot political threats and those who expressed contrary views. Ultimately this was seen as a threat to freedom that Americans had fought so hard to win.Thomas Jefferson was afraid that if they were able to remove freedom of speech and freedom of press, they would eventually take away other constitutional promises. Jefferson could not openly proclaim these acts because he feared prosecution. He secretly crea ted resolutions, which Kentucky approved in 1789 and 1799. History viewed these Acts to be the biggest blunder of Adams presidency and could cook overshadowed what was considered a highly effective tenure.

Ethics Choice in the Workplace Essay Example for Free

ethical motive Choice in the Workplace EssayEthics and corporate social responsibleness (CSR) becomes one of key point to evaluation commerce value. In todays highly interconnected, global, and sheer(a) world, corporations ar finding that social responsibility is essential to fundamental business strategy (Trevino Nelson, 2010, page 332). The briny purpose of this paper is to offer readers an overview and concept about the role of ethics and social responsibility in food industry. Besides that, some ethical problems of organizations, stakeholder perspective on the firm and some recommendations atomic number 18 listed. Ethics Choice in the Workplace Regarding to corporate ethics and CSR are exposed, both consumers and political relations are focusing their perplexity on corporate social responsibility practices (Maloni Brown, 2006). Ferrell, Geoffrey Ferrell (2011, p.38) stated, business ethics as the principles and standards that determine acceptable top in business o rganizations. The behavior of acceptability is confirmed by many stakeholders of organizations such as customers, suppliers, employees, government regulators, owners as well as partnership. Ethics and social responsibilities are influent to business strategy and mount in recently. White (2012) claimed social responsibilities manage on decision making from top level to commode line of firms. Ethics and cordial Responsibilities are being evaluated as a key successful broker to measure organization outcomes. Ethics Issues in argumentIn order to identify certain situations that bear on by various environmental and individual factors as ethical or unethical decision (Bommer, Gravander Tuttle,1987). The ac beledgement is impacted by bias, principles, concepts and definitions of social group or community. These standards are different from geographies, races, languages, time, etc. According to Ferell et all, 2011, ethics is related to organizations culture, financial status and bu siness objective. Plenty of ethical issues in business can be classified into their relative behavior as abusive and intimidating behavior, conflicts of interest, fairness and honesty, communications, and business associations. Abusive and daunting BehaviorActions in working environment caused other people physical threats, being annoying, harshness, or level though bypassing some individual opinions. Abusive can be considered as a distraction or disruption of the workplace (Ferell et all, 2011). Intensity of voice, situation of speaking and used words are factors to be goaded to abusive or un-abusive. Conflicts of interestThis kind of conflicts occurs quite frequently in reality. For instance, managers could make decisions either to honor their power or enhance benefit to shareholders. A CEO will keep confidential a bad financial status to board of director sometimes. The conflict is a lot among employees because they use the same resources. Un-transparency of gifts whitethor n effect to outcome decisions to be an illegal or un-ethical behavior. Fairness and HonestyFairness and honesty is the near important of business ethics and work general values of decision makers (Ferell et all, 2011). For instance, some newspapers claimed there are some exceed ingredients in power milk caused harmfulness to children health 2 years ago. In addition, Microsoft window software is still being cracked very popularly in China and Vietnam in particular flush though people knew these harvests are protected by copyright law. parleysCommunication is one of effective tools to bring product ideas and images to consumers. However, some organizations transferred to community incorrect information about their products. Under-weight or over-weight harmful of ingredients, food safety and hygiene are the most of improper announcement in publicizing and labels. Furthermore, there is lack of information to compare differences or similarities between products (Ferell et all, 2011 ). For example, many people does not know how differentiated among Unilivers detergents OMO, Viso, and Suff. Business RelationsThis ethical behavior is relevant to business relations to customers, suppliers, bosses vs. their lag and others in their workplace that create to ethical concerns. Managers take advantages on legitimate and authority roles to supervise their staff. old they play Lording games to reinforce their power (Mintzberg, 1985). In reality, commission and gifts are used very popularly on Sales and Marketing. In Vietnam, gifts are considered as traditional requirement on national holidays. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)Corporate Social Responsibility means that organizations should take responsibility for their impact on purchase order and the environment (Castka Balzarova, 2007, p.297). Every organization should build and adopt their owned CSR plans. There are four dimensions or four faces of social responsibility economic, legal, ethical, and philanthropi c (which sometimes call willing, altruistic or humanitarian) (Ferell et all, 2011) and (Geoffrey, 2001). Economic Responsibilities.Business organizations are groups to conduct goods or service to satisfy consumers as well as create jobs for community (Geoffrey, 2001). Firms should pay fair to workers, look for new resources, technical innovation and celebrate a friendly and more or less working environment. Therefore, economic responsibility is to be profitable for principles by delivering a good quality product at a fair price is due to customers (Geoffrey, 2001, p. 3). Novak (1996, p. 139-145) defined seven economic responsibilities. There are to (1) satisfy customers with goods and services of real value, (2) make a reasonable return on the funds entrusted to the business corporation by its investors, (3) create new wealth which reduce poorness as their wages rises, (4) create new jobs to enhance worker incomes, (5) defeat envy by generating people values and creations that can advance their conditions, (6) promote ingenuity and invention, (7) diversify the interest s of the republic. Legal responsibilities.Legal behavior is obeying the law by playing rules and policies of the game. The business laws are passed by the society and community. The laws tell organizations what should or should not be done. However, the laws often provide a minimum level or a floor of moral that might be followed involuntarily out of fear of punishment rather than voluntarily out of internal moral trust (Geoffrey, 2001, p. 4). Ethical responsibilities.Ethical duties overcome limitations of legal responsibilities. They include moral, doing what is right, just, fair and avoiding harm to society and community even if preventing harm caused by others (Smith Quelch, 1993). This behavior shows how wealth the organization affects non-economic aspects of society, such as benefit to employees, how closely working environment is, as well as vivid environment. Altruistic responsibili tiesThis kind of responsibilities display in the forms of voluntary service, association and giving, offer over of legal of society floor principles. Over the half of century, business progressively has been judged not altogether by its economic and its ethical performance, but also by its social contributions (Geoffrey, 2001). consequenceBy understanding deeply Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility, businesses can adopt not only get higher profit or outcomes but also be interested to society, community and natural environment. For the time being, we can expect to hear more about social responsibility and much of what of our companies do to give a hand to build our society around us.

Self Esteem Essay Example for Free

Self Esteem evidenceYou cant touch it, b arely it affects how you feel. You cant see it, but its there when you look at your egotism in the mirror. You cant hear it, but its there every time you talk round yourself. What is this important but mysterious thing? Its your self-esteem Self Esteem is defined as confidence in your protest merit as an individual. Our self-esteem is instilled in us during our youth. There are two types of self-esteem. There is elevated self-esteem which is when you feel good about yourself, and then there is low self-esteem which is when you feel dreary about yourself.see moreexplain the link between individuality self image and self esteemBeing constantly criticized by family, friends, and society tends to slowly strip us of our feelings of self-worth. Your self-esteem, however, is something more important than the normal ups and downs associated with situational changes. For people with good self-esteem, normal ups and downs may lead to tempor ary fluctuations in how they feel about themselves, but only to a limited extent. In contrast, for people with poor self-esteem, these ups and downs drastically impact the panache they see themselves.A dynamic relationship exists between self-esteem and skill development. As a kidskin improve in self-esteem, his academic competence increases. And as that competence increases, his self-esteem improves. One of the main factors differentiating valet de chambre from other animals is the cognizance of self the ability to form an identity and then attach a mensurate to it. In other words, you have the capacity to define who you are and then decide if you like that identity or not. The problem of self-esteem is this humane capacity for judgment.Its one thing to dislike certain(p) colors, noises, shapes, or sensations. But when you reject parts of yourself, you greatly damage the psycho logical structures that literally upkeep you alive. Judging and rejecting yourself causes enormous pain. Now-a-days many organizations and the international council on self-esteem serves to promote public and personal awareness of the benefits of a healthy sense of self-esteem and personal responsibility and to establish conditions within families, schools, businesses and governments that foster these qualities.Because self-esteem is a feeling not a skill it can only be measured by observing the way in which a person acts or behaves. However, what we feel about ourselves is not ground solely on what we do. It usually involves our relationships with others and whether we feel worthwhile as people. We have a basic human bespeak to be wanted, noticed, and included. Observing ourselves in relation to other people can be a helpful source of learning and feedback.Yet all too often comparison slips into competition. The reality is we are all different. Each of us has strengths and limitation which we need to learn about and learn to live with. Do not assume you are not important ot her people have an effect on you and you affect them. It is no good waiting for others or circumstances to leave us feeling reveal about ourselves. So accept responsibility for your own actions as we cannot make other people change, we need to make the changes ourselves.

Human Motivation Essay Example for Free

Human Motivation EssayA drug users are those individuals who have tried or continue to use alcohol or some different drugs but who are not dependent or addicted. They also fall into different subgroups a) those who have tried a substance but have give up use b) those who use infrequently and primarily in response to social circumstances and, c) those who use periodically but infrequently enough to avoid dependence or addictions (Lorion, Bussell Goldberg, 1991). This all started during the adolescent stage somewhat 12-13 years old. First they used by smoking then use of alcohol then build up to something more like victimisation of illicit drugsInitially, drug use is limited to weekends. Later, however, use may father to reckon place during the week, but only in the evenings. Adolescents learn that the drug will provide the trace they desire and that it will provide it every time. They learn to control the degree of this feeling by adjust the amount of drug they use. At this point they bum either take the drug or emerge it. Since drug use usually takes place with friends, this stage is sometimes referred to as social use (Milhorn, 1994) dose abuse is using drugs be fount of its psychoactive effects without any supervision of a doctor or other medical professionals.There is an increase in frequency of drug use. They maintain their own supplies and may depress to use drugs when alone than with friends. Drug addiction is perhaps the worst of all because a drug addicts bread and butter is mainly focused on using and possessing drugs. They use drugs every day, more often is much best and there is an increase of dosage of drug intake to satisfy themselves and reach their high level. accustomrs favour to use drugs alone than with friends or company. Addiction is powerful motivation for some people. The craving for certain drugs can become overwhelming.Addicts may crave their drugs strongly that they are willing to give up everything including the ir families, jobs and relationship because these drugs that they take gives them incomparcapable pleasure. These drugs work on the drug addicts brain neurons and give intense pleasure. If an addict stop using them it will be very difficult because their brains were used to this drugs and the pleasure it brought to the users body thus motive to vignette on using drugs again become strong and intense. Addictive drugs produces permanent changes in the brain respect system that causes craving even after withdrawal are over.Repeated use of drugs can cause neural sensitization, this last much longer than withdrawal. This may be one of the reason why corned addicts are in danger of relapse into drug use even after they completed their reformation and detoxification. The combination of these factors sheds light on why psychoactive drugs, more than many other incentives, are able to produce addictions. These drugs directly activate brain pleasure mechanism to unmatched levels, produced w ithdrawal syndromes that drive a recovering addict back to the drugs and perhaps permanently hyperactive the brain system that causes drug rewards to be desired.This combination is hard to resist.ReferencesLorion R. , Bussell D. , and Goldberg R. ( 1991). Identification of youth at high risk for alcohol or other drug problems. National Commission on Marijuana and Drug Abuse. In E. Goplerud (ed. ), Preventing Adolescent Drug Use From Theory to Practice. OSAP, DHHS Pub. No. (ADM) 91-1725. Washington, DC U. S. Government Printing Office. Milhorn, Thomas (1994) Drug and Alcohol Abuse. MA Perseus Publishing.

Reusability of Code Essay Example for Free

Reusability of legislation EssayReusability of codes general purpose is to reduce unnecessary coding which in the end reduces project information time and funds. It is essentially taking code from one part of a program and attempting to employ it elsewhere without having to alter too much. This method is similar to reusing softwargon mechanisms in object-oriented programming.Object-oriented programming and procedural programming are two programming paradigms that distribute common attributes as well as various differences. A mapping is an additional name for a routing, technique or function. Procedures and objects both use algorithms to develop the system and whatsoever logical calculation that is necessary for the program. A function is divided from variables and selective information compositions. Procedures are intended to bet the code in a precise order, while OPP merges information with the function in the function changes the data that is bound to it into a unit ide ntified as an object. Other useful features such as abstraction, encapsulation, and hereditary pattern can be achieved while working with OPP.Procedural programThe earliest programming languages were procedural, meaning a program was made of one or more procedures. A procedure is scarcely a staff or function that fares a specific task such as gathering input from the user, do calculations, reading or writing files, displaying output, and so on. The programs that you have written so far have been procedural in nature. The steps a program must perform to r individually the desired outcome. Procedure is an autarkic entity and a sequence of instructions that are grouped together.In procedural programming, a task is upturned down into assortment of variables and subroutines. In OPP, a task is broken down into objects which summarize the data and execution. In a procedural approach, the entirely called variable is termed as a trait of the object. The idea is to encapsulate data an d a technique into what is referred to as a sectionalization. A class is a model a class can be used to make several objects. This allows code be reusable in OPP.Object-Oriented ProgrammingObject-oriented programming (OOP) is centered on creating objects. An object is a software entity that contains both data and procedures. The data contained in an object is known as the objects fields. An objects fields are simply variables, arrays, or other data structures that are stored in the object. OPPs group the data methods together so that each can operate on its own data while procedures are used to directly perform operation on data structures.OPP provides encapsulation making class whose objects can be created dynamically. OPPs have been observed to hap lower quality performance as compared to procedural programming. In addition to solving the problems of code-data separation, the use of OOP has too been encouraged by the trend of object reusability. An object is not a standalone pr ogram, but is used by programs that need its service. (Gaddis, 2010)ReferencesGaddis, T. (2010). Starting out with programming logic and design. (2 ed.). Pearson Education, Inc.

Becoming an Early Childhood Educator Essay Example for Free

Becoming an azoic Childhood Educator EssayU. S. President Barack Obama emphasized on the importance of education in a country for not solo one time. He believe that education provide the opportunities to e genuinely unmarried citizen to work on their strengths and ability to fulfill their responsibilities to the country by contribution on specific travel in order to build up a strong country. I strongly agree with his stain of view as education is not an individual responsibility but to all. Education is the basis of a country in order to strengthen the economic status and development. Thus, its our responsible toward the society and commonwealth to educate our next generation by provide a positive social and physical purlieu to yarn-dye wholesome character building in young pip-squeakren. Society this instant day faces sorting of problem especially family issue that commonly happens overwhelm child abuse, divorce cases, youngster tend to dismissal away from home, a bandoned baby and etc. One of the factors that caused these issues is lack of credit on importance of education. in that respect is a quote stated If we would amend the world, we should mend our selves and teach our children to be, not what we are, but what they should be. Quote by WILLIAM PENN, Some Fruits of Solitude) Most of the generate up didnt realize their responsibility to their child as a place sham in the growth of their children during childhood period. They might lack of exposure on the importance of wee childhood education, or they unconsciously neglected their childrens need due to financial pressure in order to provide and maintaining the living standard of family. Thus, its our responsible as an educator to assist the parent on educating our next generation.It is my pleasure to meet a truly dedicated teacher in my life, although she was only doctrine me as my class teacher for 1 year but her contribution and the bonding between me and she has brought the grea ter impact to my life. Compare to the teachers of old time with today, sadly to say, there are not very much improvement among the quality of educator. Most of the educator are work for survive, they are lack of the passion and realization on their business office and responsibilities, perhaps they do not k right off how to apply their intimacy on tenet method acting skillfully.In fact, it is the greater satisfaction as an educator to witness the growth of a child from innocence young age to a mature child. This is a most important period to in unchanging a positive personality in a child as the behavior he practicing now will bring toward to adulthood and became his characteristic. The greater success of an educator is not the quantity of reward, but the wisdom of the effort by the parent, student and society.The most precious and valuable achievement is to witness the success of wholesome character building on a child when they turned to an adult and continue influence the concourse around them with positive attitude. It is hard to achieve the objective of education with single contribution. therefrom it is important to bring together all the educators who having same ideology to work together as a role model to influence people around include the parent, children and colleagues to understand the importance of education.The main responsible of an early childhood educator is to instill the positive character to a child to develop wholesome character include sense of belonging, sense of responsibility, positive moral value, lifelong disport on encyclopaedism, curiosity to the world and mentally and physically healthy and wealthy. instructor as the second person after the parent as the role model to a child should practicing good behavior and attitude. Besides, a good teacher knows how to apply the knowledge skillfully to help children adapt to the knowledge on their level of understanding without killing their curiosity to the world.On the otherwis e hand, educator also played an important role to the parent because society in Malaysia now day is improving along with the realization on the importance of education. However, although the parent understands the importance of education, they are still lack of information in term of knowledge and skill to apply on their children. They are crisp to seek for professional advancer and services as the agent of education to their children.In fact, this is a biggish step for the society educator should always work closely and collaboratively with parent to encourage them involve in their childs teaching process to create love and condole with environment for the children. The philosophy of a preschool setting that believed and practiced by the entire organization included administrator and teachers determine the process of achieving the mark of an organization. Same goes to personal philosophy held by a teacher, it is important to work collaboratively on behalf of childrens interest regardless personal identity and background.Teachers should be always ready to lend their hand to each other and strive for improvement together by sharing information and joining workshop, seminar or training together. Whenever there is dilemma, teacher should ask for the comment and suggestion without hesitate from senior colleague who willing to share their experiences and dissolve the problem together. Beside, teacher also played a role on providing a safe, healthy, loving and caring environment to young learner to develop sense of belonging and bonding among the children by always staying insomniac on potential danger and awareness on childs behavior, health, physical and mental needs.Teacher should be always practicing 3R which is responsive, respect and reciprocal. Consistently interaction with the children is needed to understand childs rummy character and develop trust and respect relationship among children. However, teacher should allow necessary independent learning and respect childs right in order to foster the development of children to prepare the children to be ready for the future challenges in their life. Knowledge on young children development is very important for educator.Therefore educator should be always seeking for improvement to provide highest quality service to the children. A inner teacher is always stay well informed on the latest update on presidency decision on education such as changing school syllabus and assessment for the student. Beside, by participate in variety of workshop, seminar and training teacher will learn different teaching method to adapt childrens development milestone. Same goes to courses that offer in colleges and local university it will improve the fashioning and knowledge of teacher.By joining professional association, teacher will be always staying informed on the latest teaching approach and able to seek for professional comment from others. On the other hand, teaching should be stay adventurous when applying new skill to the children, learn from trial and error by contemplation and self reflection consistently. Teacher should be sensitive on childs development to appreciate and improving the teaching method creatively in practical way. By understanding different learning pattern of the children, teacher should apply knowledge and skills in plenty ways for children to adapt to the knowledge.In conclusion, a professional early childhood educator should be having mental and physical readily with positive and rose-colored attitude, be ready to takes up responsible and handle every(prenominal) dilemma and always strive for improvement. It is very important for an educator understand his/her role on the position held and to be flexible to adapt every changes and different situation. Lastly, enjoyment for the satisfaction of teaching will lead the educator to longer journey as time goes by because You never know how much its worth until its gone.

The Abortion Debate Essay Example for Free

The Abortion Debate EssayThe history of the stillbirth debate has continued for decades. In nowa twenty-four hour periodss society the topic is really de gentlemans gentlemanding and controversial. Prolifers as the name proceeds, frame the debate as the right to life for the baby. Individuals who are for Pro-choice may or may not address whether the fetus is in fact a life, and frame the debate in terms of woman having the right to get hold of whats best for their bodies with come to the fore worrying ab issue the government getting involved. In the by-line paper I impart illustrate and discuss the following questions.1.My personal opinion on the debate 2.The impact of the notorious Roe vs. Wade case 3.A firsthand view of the after(prenominal) effects for those who choose stillbirth.Abortion is defined as the Termination of pregnancy, and expulsion of an embryo or of a fetus that is incapable of survival. Abortion challenges a variety of external and moral issues. Muc h of the debate over abortion tends to place emphasis on the issue of rights specifically whether a womans rights to an abortion outweigh a fetuss rights to life. Whether she is pro-life or pro-choice both sides rely heavily on legal, scientific, and human right arguments to substantiate their arguments. Growing up I was against abortion. I completely condemned it, when you live in a two mention church going home the Ten Commandments seem to become apart of your everyday life. I would before long find out that judging item-by-items for the choices they make would come back off to hunt me.It is necessary for you to look at the pros and cons of both a pro-lifers stand point and a pro- choicers stand point. It has been a proven fact that while, most individuals that oppose abortion, they would do very differently if gear up in an uncompromising situation. For example lets take the individuals who stand in front of abortion clinics and rant roughly the individuals going into the clinics. While taking a journalism class in my run low year of high school, my assignment was to get the viewpoint of some peerless who opposed abortion and why. I travelled to Gainesville, Fla and was blessed to get the chance to speak to Amanda Givens. Amanda was an activist for an organization thats mission was to deter individuals from having abortions.Amanda was very strong mentalityed on the opinion and during the interview she would take the clip to chant out amours such as Murder Low Life and the infamous Your going to burn in hell quote. As I took in a deep breath Amanda advised me that life began at conception and these individuals were frosty hearted murders, she withal asked me to take pictures of them in which I refused due to the privacy. Although I was against abortion I didnt receipt the reason that these ladies where seeking one so out of respect for them I didnt ask because it was appropriate. scientific studies show that conception starts at day fourt een of conception. With that being verbalise is it valid to say that abortion is pre-meditated murder? Or is it considered immoral only if it doesnt endanger the mothers life.As I asked Amanda these questions she stayed calm further I knew she was furious at the thought that second guessed her considering the circumstances behind it. Amanda eventually replied Listen these are innocent lives and I dont care what reason you carry a abortion Its wrong and its damn murder This interview took place December 2000, when I left I gave Amanda my cell and email address so that she could take place in touch and keep me posted on how successful her mission was coming along. Surprisingly two years later to my astonishment Amanda had emailed me citing a urgent meeting and needing to speak with me about the mission, she even offered to make the three hour effort to meet up with me and assured me that what she had to say would be life changing.Of course I agreed but I was dumbfounded, I was thinking maybe she acquired my help on the mission, so we agreed to meet the following day at a local Star Bucks caf. I sat patiently drinking my impudently brewed coffee when Amanda pulled up in her freshly was Honda Accord looking nothing less than fabulous. I greeted her with a hug and a smile, but something wasnt right, her demeanor for some odd reason was different and I was anxious to hear the news she had for me. I ordered her a cup of coffee and we began to catch up where we left off in Florida.Before I could ask about the mission Amanda told me that she was no eternal against abortion. I stood up in astonishment as she told me to have a seat I was out(p) at what she give tongue to next. She began to tell me it was a Thursday night and it was her turn to gather the signs and brochures for the next days rally, she was excited that she had deterred two teens from abortion and was ready to go home and celebrate. As she walked back to her car, (by this time Amanda had start ed crying and I became real suspicious of what was to come).She had left the most vital part of her story out so she insisted that she start over, earlier that week she had made the acquaintance of a African American man that informed her that God had sent him to her to help out with the mission surprised as she was she advised him to be there at 700am to help set-up because the clinic opened up at 800 am. The man whom said his name was Charles was there bright and early talking teens out of abortions and doing a marvelous job of even helping adults making decisivenesss. Amanda said she felt like this was what her mission was missing. To Amandas shock Charles never came back again until, a week later on the night in question. Amanda said while she was walk of life back to her car with a handful of signs a familiar face dragged her by her hair into the crotch haires and proceeded to muff her It Was Charles Amanda said she cried to God and whoever could hear her for help but as dar k as it was no one could hear her.After Charles was done raping Amanda he ran off into the night. Amanda noticed that Charles didnt have protection on and that she had, semen leaking from her vagina. After contacting police Amanda laid there praying that she wouldnt get pregnant and that her new economise of four months wouldnt find out. Unfortunately Amanda said her prayer went unanswered and weeks later she found out that she was pregnant, she insisted that her only option to saving her marriage was to take a trip to Columbus, GA and have an abortion.Amanda insisted that the decision was based mainly to save her marriage and to keep her family from disowning her for having an interracial baby. Amanda says that while having an abortion was the hardest thing that she has ever done, it literally saved her life. She admits that without the abortion that she would have committed suicide than to live the existence of what was ripening inside of her. In conclusion Amanda states that al though she still feels abortions are wrong, women should have the option of making the decision themselves privately rather deal with rallies like that of Amanda took part in publically. On the way out the door Amanda said something to me that I will never forget The best prayers are unanswered ones Amanda hoped that her story would change my mind on how I felt about abortions and realize that you cant make a generalization about another individuals decisions until you have experienced it firsthand yourself.The Roe vs. Wade case is known to date as the most legendary abortion case in the world cases like this made it possible for individuals in situations like Amandas and those with other circumstances to make decisions for themselves without the governments say so . According to Alters (2010) Thirty twelvemonths later congress has passed the Partial birth abortion ban act of 2003, president bush signed it into law, becoming the first president to ever place a federal ban on abort ion (p.133 para 2). Although the Roe vs. Wade case wasnt established until two years after Jane Doe had her baby, it was the landmark case known to day in all high school and college text edition books and around the country. The more that Americans understand this case the more they regard it as illegitimate. While people have realized the act of abortion on certain grounds should be legal.In some cases you will find individuals that feel like Amanda felt and feel as though abortion is wrong on all grounds. According to Morgentaler (2001) Abortion is an act that corrupts national morality and harms women by encouraging irresponsible and raiding male behavior. More importantly a womans right to an abortion ignores the rights of the unborn child- and individual should be legally protected (p 321). While both the prolife and pro choice side has equal literal debates from listening to Amandas situation I am now for abortion although I feel that given(p) the circumstances unless rap e, or endangerment to the mother there are enough contraceptives and knowledge circulating that you should know how to quit from getting pregnant.

Human Error In Maintenance Computer Science Essay

Human Error In tending Computer Science try outHuman misapprehensions maybe categorized under six groups with enjoy to engineering origination errors, assembly errors, deftness errors, inspection errors, operating errors and caution errors. alimony error is the result of the wrong pr level(p)tive or stamping ground maneuvers carried out by the foxiness or assigned military unit. Base on the frequency of tending universe get alonged the prob might of man error increases.To tame some kind-hearted errors maintain business leader is important in the design variant of a comp angiotensin converting enzyment or governance. Maintainability according to Ebleing is defined as the probability that a failed arrangement or broker bequeath be restored or repaired to a specified retard within a gun consign of eon when aid is effected in accordance with prescribed procedures. Dhillon describes maintainability as the measure taken during the development, design and inst o n the wholeing of a manu accompanimentured product that reduces the necessitate guardianship, man hours, tools, logistic cost, skill levels and facilities and ensures that the product meets required mean employ.The interactions with domain during the design, installation, production and bread and butter stages be extremely important. In some phases these interactions may vary depending on the product, scarcely be subject to deterioration delinquent to kind error.With respect to engineering products, Meister describes human error as the trouble to carry out a specified caper or forbidden action that could result in disruption of scheduled operations or damage to property and equipment.This paper looks at the human errors in maintenance practises.2.0 General Human Factors in MaintenanceFrederick Taylor was one and only(a) of the earlier pile to analyze human computes seeking to improve design and increase productivity. In maintenance, dodgings may fail for numerous r easons, one key element being human factors and errors during the design phase. According to Nertney Et al, the undermentioned be a make of different human behaviours deal have a tendency to use their hands for examining and testing raft get easily confuse with unfamiliar thingsPeople argon too impatient to take the distract amount of sentence for observing precautionsPeople grow accustom to certain warps having certain meaningsPeople sometimes overestimate short distances and underestimate horizontal or large distancesPeople may become complacent and less cargonful after successfully handling hazardous distri providedor points over a lengthened periodPeople tend to estimate speed or clearances poorlyPeople responds irrationally in emergenciesInstructions and labels ar read fallaciously or overlookedAttention is drawn to loudness, flashing lights, lurid and vivid coloursPeople have teensy enjoyledge of their physical limitationsPeople fail to recheck work for errors aft er performing a procedureThey argon reluctant to admit errors or mistakes and they do not see objects clearlyPeople get distracted by certain aspects of a product throwPeople usually expect valve handles and faucets to rotate counter-clockwise for increasing flow of a liquid steam or gasPeople carry out trade union movement (maintenance) while thinking around other thingshttp//www.iru.org/ pix chest/irupolicies/graph-etac-en_1.gifFigure2.1 Human Senses and CapabilitiesThe five human senses are touch, smell, taste, visual and hearing. In maintenance, visual, smell, touching and hearing are the more common of the human senses being utilized.2.1.1 HearingThe ability of human to hear is an important factor in maintenance work. When pattern for maintainability, excessive noise may lead to problems such as the consume for intense concentration, a reduction in workers efficiencies, disoriented of hearing, unwanted effects on the tasks being performed.2.1.2 orderSight is stimulated b y electromagnetic radiation of certain wavelengths. This is measured on the electromagnetic spectrum for visible light. The human eye is sensitive to greenish-yellow light and it sees it differently from different angles.The following are some facts about the human eyeNormally, the eye fire perceive all colours when looking straight ahead.As the viewing angle increases, colour perception decreases signifi screwtly. When there is poor lighting it may be unfeasible to de stipulationine the colour of a pocketable point of light source. The source usually appears white.When designing components, designers should account colours such that weak colour people do not get confused. An example is to use red filter with a wavelength greater than 6,500 , and try to avoid placing too emphasis on colour when critical tasks are to be performed by tired effect.2.1.3 TouchTouch complements a human ability to interpret visual and audio. Touch maybe used to relieve the eyes and ears of the load. The sense of touch has been used for centuries in technical work. For example, touch has been used for detecting surface irregularities and roughness.2.2 Ergonomic PrinciplesThe subject addresses human to system interface issues also called human engineering or engineering psychology. In addition to considering the human to system interface, ergonomics is also concerned withHuman dimensionThe working environment and its effect on humansEffects of systems on humanshttp//www.omron-ap.com/technical_guide/safety_component/safety_component_12.gifFigure3.0 Maintenance ErrorsHuman errors in maintenance occur for a number of reasons. In realise 3, a list of different reasons is shown for errors with respect to maintenance. Studies have shown a compulsive cor similitude between task performance and amount of time in a career field, ability to handle responsibility, morale and years or experience. engageers who possess these skills are ranked higher and kit and boodle are generally throu gh with(p) faster and with fewer errors.Figure Reason for Human Errors3.1 Inadequate training and ensure break awayers who are inadequately trained and lack the experience on a machine or component will most likely make errors when performing maintenance tasks. They will spend additional time trying to understand what to do rather than effective execution of the task. Errors such as correct leave out down procedures, tightening of bolts, correct alignment of components may be done wrong and adversely affecting production, increasing maintenance cost as maintenance work may need to be iterate and loafer be a safety risk to the maintenance forcefulness, operator, or the equipment.3.2 shortsightedly Written Maintenance ProceduresDue to poorly written procedures, there could be cases of components going in wrong place or new components being incorrectly installed. This as with the previous reason can cause harm to craft personnel, operator or the machine. Tasks will take longer b ecause the craft personnel following the procedure will have to spend more time figuring out what to do rather than carrying out the task in a timely and effective manner.3.3 Fatigued Maintenance forcefulnessA fatigued maintenance personnel is a receipt for disaster. The personnel will lack concentration and will miss excusable details of the work. at that place will be general tendency to rush the job in attempt to finish fast increasing the probability of errors. This may be influenced by the time of the day, stresses (physical, drug, social, personal)http//elsmar.com/Error_Proofing/img014.jpgFigure3.4 composite appoint Maintenance TaskComplex and tedious maintenance task may be subject to human errors because of the high levels of concentration required. Humans usually have a low attention span and works requiring excessive hours of concentration may have errors induced. Such jobs should be done in teams so that if one personnel makes an error it can be corrected by other me mbers on the job.3.5 Improper Work ToolsA job requiring a specific tool should not be substituted with an inferior one. An example of this is when a specified torque may be required on a bolt or methamphetamine hydrochloride requiring a torque wrench or spanner to achieve a level of precision and verity and a regular wrench or spanner is used. This may cause misalignment, et cetera.3.6 Poor Work LayoutPoor work layout is inefficient and can cause errors to be made by the maintenance personnel.3.7 Poor Work EnvironmentA poor work environment will cause discomfort to the maintenance personnel such as humidity, lighting and heat. Concentration levels will be low and there will be a rush to complete the task.3.8 Poor Equipment seeIn some equipment, components may be onerous to r all(prenominal) to perform the necessary works. Errors may be caused in the process as the tasks may not be carried out completely.3.9 Outdated Maintenance ManualsIt will be extremely rocky for maintenance personnel to follow out-dated maintenance manuals. In such an instance, the procedure will most times be incorrect inducing a number of errors in the job.3.10 Factors Contributing to Human ErrorReason and Hobbs have studied and researched the psychological and physiological factors that contribute to inescapable human error. These will includeDifferences between the capabilities of our long term memory and our conscious workspace. Attention span is limited if it is focused on one thing. Also we can only attend to a very small proportion of the total available sensory culture we receiveUnrelated matters tend to capture our attentionConcentration is hard to maintain for lengthy periods of timeThe ability to concentrate depends strongly on intrinsic capability of the current object attention universal actions are done will less attention than normalThe justifiedly balance of attention is required to correctly perform a taskThe vigilance decrement- inspectors miss speck because it may become surplus after doing it for a long periodThe level of arousal- too much or too little impairs work outputBiases in thinking and decision makingConfirmation bias where we seek education that confirms initial diagnosis of a problemEmotional decision making is when a situation is thwarting then an aggressive approach shot is inducedhttp//www.lifetime-reliability.com/images/wrongs-humans-do-to-machines.gifFigure Human Maintenance ErrorsBase on the same factors contributing to maintenance errors, the following are the most common types of errorsRecognition nonstartersThese include misidentification of objects, signal and messages and non spying of problem states.Memory failuresInput failures- Insufficient attention is to the to-be-remembered item.Storage failures- remembered material suffers interferenceOutput failures- things that we know cannot be recalled at the required timeOmissions following interruptionsPremature Exists- End a job in front all tasks are completeS killed- ground SlipsUsually associated with routines and they can includeBranching errors- an error made based on a custom and not knowing when to deviate.Over shoot Errors- having an intention but forgetting to do itRule base MistakesMisapplying a Good Rule- using a right rule in a wrong situationApplying a bad rule- unwanted consequences in using a rule even though the job will be done.Knowledge Based ErrorsIt is common when someone is doing a task for the first time but not always the case.ViolationsPurposeful acts which violates procedures. These may beRoutine violations- done to avoid unnecessary effort, gets the task done quickly, to demonstrate skill or avoid what is seen as an unnecessary laborious procedure.Thrill seeking violations- often committed in order to avoid boredom or win peer praiseSituational violations- these exist because it is not realizable to get the job done if procedures are strictly adhered to.Figure Summary of main error types4.0 Mitigation/Reduction of Hum Errors in MaintenanceIt is impossible to total alleviate all human errors when it comes to maintenance, but Engineers and designers have worked together and is continuing to take place ways to reduce some human errors. However a lot of the responsibility is on the maintenance personnel to ensure that maintenance tasks are carried out effectively. This chapter looks at ways to reduce human errors in maintenance.4.1 Avoid Unnecessary Preventive MaintenanceOver maintaining equipment, not only wastes time and money but it also increases the risks of environmental incidents but also causes expensive and unnecessary failures. Reliability Centred Techniques such as Failure Mode and wee-wee Analysis, Fault Tree Analysis and others can be useful eliminating unnecessary maintenance works and optimizes and streamlines the equipment healthful maintenance.4.2 StandardizationAnkenbrandt et al noted that standardization is the attainment of practical uniformity in product design. Non-sta ndard equipment or component lessens the reliability and increases maintenance. Standardization restricts the number of components equipment will require.The advantages of standardization according to Dhillon areReduction of using the incorrect splitReduction in wiring and installation errors due to the fact of variations in characteristics of similar itemsElimination for the need for special segmentationsReduction of incidents because of the use of wrong or unclear proceduresReduction in design time, manufacturing cost, and maintenance costReduction of procurement, stocking and trainingFigure 7 shows the goals of standardization.Figure Goals for reducing errors4.3 ModularizationModularization deals with a production into physically and functionally distinct units to allow removal and reclamation. The following are guidelines for the usefulness associated with standard unitsAim to make modules and cases as uniform as possible with respect to size and shapeDivide the equipment o r item under consideration into many modular unitsAim to make each module of being inspected independentlyDesign the equipment so that a integrity person can replace a failed part with ease and also parts should be small for mobilityModule should be designed for maximum ease of operational testing when it is removed from the actual equipment or system.Consider design, modularization and material problems simultaneouslyFor ease of disconnection, design components with see levers and linkages to allow easier replacement.4.4 Simplification and availabilityDesign engineers should consider simplification in the design phase and it should be constant. Consideration should also be taken with the important functions of a system or a product into the design itself.Accessibility is the ease with which an item can be reached for repair, replacement or servicing. Poor botheribility will result in sub-standard maintenance. Accessibility is affected byThe visual needs of personnel performing maintenance task,The location of an item and its environment. outmatch to be reached to access the component or partThe types of maintenance to be performed through an access point or openingThe danger associated with use of an access openingThe clothing worn my maintenance personnelThe task required time for executionThe types of tools and accessories required to perform taskMounting of items behind the access pointWork clearance to carry out task4.5 Interchangeability and assignmentInterchangeability refers to as an intentional aspect of design, that any component can be replaced with a similar item. This is achieved through standardization. There are three basic principles for interchangeableness according to the Department of Defence (DOD)In items, components and products requiring frequent servicing, replacement of parts, each part must be interchangeable with another similar partLiberal valuation account must existStrict interchangeability could become uneconomical in items that are expected to hold out without replacement.The following considerations are taken to achieve maximum interchangeability of partsExistence of functional interchangeability when physical interchangeability is a design characteristicSufficient information in task argument and number plate identification should be available for allowing users to decide confidently whether two similar parts are interchangeableNo change in method of connecting and mounting when there are part or unit modificationsAvoid or stay away from differences in size, mounting and shapeavailableness of adapters for making physical interchangeability possible when total interchangeability is not practicalThere should be and identification system for total interchangeability of identical parts4.5.1 IdentificationIdentification is concerned with labelling or making of parts, controls and test points to facilitate tasks such as repair and replacement. Maintenance task becomes more difficult when parts and comp onents are no properly identified. It usually takes longer and increases the risk of human induced errors. Identification could be for parts or component or equipment identification.4.6 Task AnalysisThe task analysis is a formal methodology derived from systems analysis which describes and analyse performance demands made upon humans within a system. The ride is to achieve integration of humans and machine system components.5.0 Assessing the Risk in MaintenanceRisk assessments of all human activities have great importance for the prevention of major accidents. The risk with respect to human errors when traffic with maintenance needs to be assessed and rank based on the overall partake the risk can have on the operation of the organization.The Risk Management Framework used is shown in Figure 8.0 This schedule was utilized to conduct a risk assessment and evaluation before and after the risk control measures have been put in place. The main aspects of the Risk Analysis procedure arei. Identify latent Hazards and existing risk control or safeguards.ii. Estimate the consequences of the potential Hazard.iii. Estimate the frequency of each of the impact/consequence of the potential hazard.iv. discover the Risk without considering any new risk control or safeguardsv. Determine the Risk with designd new safeguardvi. Evaluate Economic impact of proposed new safeguardvii. Optimize and propose additional modification.Figure Risk Management FrameworkAs indicate in the previous chapter (3), each human error identified will have to be ranked via a metric scaling system to determine the hierarchy of the error. The impact of these errors will have to be taken into consideration with respect to the employees (operators and maintenance staff), the equipment and the environment.Figure Diagram Showing Contributors of Risk6.0 Human Errors in Maintenance in diligenceHuman error in maintenance exists in some form or the other in all industries. However, in some industries the consequences of human error from maintenance task can be catastrophic. Industries such as nuclear plants and civil aviation cannot afford errors.6.1 Human Maintenance Errors in Power multiplicationHuman factors play an important role in power plant maintenance because improving the maintainability design of power plant facilities, systems and equipment assists to improve direct and indirect plant productivity, availability and safety. According to Seminara power lost can cost between US $500,000 to 750,000 dollars a day. The following are human related deficiencies in maintenance of a power plantLimited access or inadequate clearance to perform maintenanceEquipment poorly designed to facilitate maintenance activity effectivelyEquipment Inherently unreliablePersonnel safety hazardImpaired mobility for equipment and personnelMiscellaneous- lack of standardization, high temperature environment and poor air learnWhile maintenance activities of nuclear power plants are essential fo r sustaining the safety of a power plant and maintaining the reliability of plant systems and components, they also have potential of human errors leading to unplanned reactor charges or power derate (Dhillon 2006). J. Reason classifies in chapter 3 the different characteristics of human errors that will be applicable to Power Plants. According to Kim et al, incidents fields in Korea stated that most of the human related unplanned reactor trip events during the normal power operation are associated with test and maintenance activities (63%). Plant maintenance included preventive maintenance, planned maintenance and corrective maintenance.6.2 Human Error in AviationDue to the increase in air travels, airlines spend billions of dollars in maintenance annually. A study done in the United estate has shown that between 1990 to 2000 maintenance errors per million flights has doubled (ICAO)According to the ICAO there are over 300 factors and influences that can impact the performance of maintenance personnel. Some of the human errors that are impacted by maintenance are listed in chapter 3 and range from time pressure, inadequate training to outdated maintenance manuals.There are many categories of human errors with respect to aviation maintenance and inspection. Some of the major ones encountered according to Latorella et al areIncorrect assembly sequenceProcedural defectsWrong partIncorrect configurationMissing partDefective partFunctional defects and tactical defectsFigure List of Errors in Aircraft MaintenanceFigure 10 shows the guideline covered in aviation. Two important guidelines concerning design areSeek relevant information on human error occurrence during the maintenance phase as inputs in the design phaseEnsure that manufacturers give attention to maintenance related human factors during design phaseAccording to throng Reason based on a Boeing study which indicated the top seven causes for in-flight engine shut downs on the Boeing aircraft were as foll owedIncomplete Installation (33%)Damaged on installation (14.5%)Improper Installation (11%)Equipment not installed or missing (11%)Foreign Object Damage (6.5%)Improper fault isolation, inspection and test (6%)Equipment not unrestrained or deactivated (4%)From the statistics presented only one cause was unrelated to maintenance activities. Maintenance activities were responsible for approximately 80% of in-flight engine shut downs.7.0 Prediction Models for Human ErrorsHuman error can be analysed by some(prenominal) methods developed over the years. Some of the following methods are relied on heavily in the aviation industry.7.1 Cause and Effect DiagramsThis is a useful tool to determine root causes of specified problem in relation to maintenance errors. Related and relevant ideas are generated. The extreme right of the diagram patch up effect and to the right are all the possible causes. The cause and effect can be generated in the following moveDevelop problem statementBrainsto rm to identify possible causesEstablish major causes categories by stratifying into inwrought and process stepsConnect diagram to all the causes by following the appropriate process steps and filled in the effectsRefine cause categories by asking What cause this and Why does this condition exists?7.2 Error Cause Removal Program (ECRP)This was developed to reduce the occurrence of human error to a tolerable level in production operation. It focuses on preventive measures rather than remedial ones. It is composed of a team of workers with each team having its own coordinator with the necessary skills. Each team member presents a report and the coordinator discusses these reports in a periodic meeting and recommendations are made to management.7.3 Fault Tree AnalysisThe fault tree analysis (FTA) is used to perform reliability and safety analyses of engineering system and can be use to perform analysis of human error in maintenance.7.4 Markov AnalysisThis method is used to perform reli ability analysis of engineering systems and can be used to predict the probability of occurrence of human error in maintenance. This is done through mathematical modelling.7.4.1 Model 1This mathematical model indicates a system that can fail due to maintenance error or other failures. See figure 11. Numerals in box, circle and diamonds represents system states. The following assumptions are made for this model.The system can fail due to maintenance error or failure other than maintenance errorThe failed system is repaired and maintenance is performed periodicallyFail system repair rates are constantThe repaired system is as good as newFigure Markov Model 1 Diagram7.4.2 Model IIThis mathematical model represent a system that can only fail due to non maintenance related failures but its performance is degraded by the occurrence of maintenance error. See figure 12. The numeral in circle, box and diamonds represents system states. The following assumptions are made for this modelThe tot al or partially failed system is repaired and preventive maintenance is performed regularlyThe occurrence of maintenance error can only lead to system degradation but not failureThe system can fail from its degradation mode due to failures other than maintenance errorsThe system is repaired at constant rates from its failed and degradation statesMaintenance error and non maintenance error failure rates are constantThe repaired system is good as newFigure Markov Model 28.0 ConclusionThis report gives a comprehensive analysis of human errors in maintenance. Human errors are inevitable and there are numerous factors that can influence these errors. The first step is to identify the different human errors that may be encountered in an industry, conduct an assessment on the errors and take necessary steps to reduce these errors. The traditional approach of dealing with human error, that is counselling and or re writing procedures may not be effective in dealing with the errors identified in this report. A more holistic approach for managing maintenance error and assuring maintenance quality techniques is the application of reliability centred maintenance and also designing for maintainability.