Saturday, August 31, 2019
Customer Service Strategy of British Airways Essay
British Airways is one of the worlds leading airlines with a network that provides passenger and freight services to 149 destinations in 72 countries. Its airline network is centered on the United Kingdom where 85% of its 47,500 workforce is based. The mission of the company is to deliver services that matter for people and how to fly. In order to achieve or realize this mission; British Airways recognizes the importance of working in partnership with its stakeholders. This has significantly influenced its approach to corporate social responsibility. The main reason why the company has decided to engage CR is to help it achieve its long-term strategic goals in providing growth opportunities around the health airport Today most companies are redesigning their operations and management style in order to increase customers satisfaction and productivity. With the introduction of the new technology, a lot of changes have been brought in the business environments. Different companies are coming up with various types of new information and technology in order to improve their businesses. This paper therefore utilizes the various tools  of writing a research proposal to investigate how the new technology has made British airways company to improve the way it serves its customers what should be noted is that the success of any organization will depend on the quality of customer service skills employees have. The company has not been left out in coming up with new method s of satisfying its customers. Communication more efficiently If we consider the number of immigrants (passengers) visiting United Kingdom from east and central Europe, it can be said that the company has realized a lot of benefits. However the company needs to do a lot in order to attract more passengers and tourists into the region. To date many tourists are raising questions about security measures and long lines made when booking for flights movements from major cities to the air ports has also not been possible. This research proposal has therefore been developed to investigate the efforts the company has put forward to improve customer satisfaction which covers the area of booking, traveling to the Airport in order to catch up with time and finally security measures that have been taken. This is because terrorism and drug trafficking has been mentioned as public enemy number one in the region. Passengers or tourists would not like to risk their lives when cases of terrorism are high. This means that the company needs to address the issues of tight security to ensure that its customers are protected.            In any research proposal there must be an area dealing with significant of study that is the rationale of the study (Gill and Johnson, 1997). The company to make some adjustment in order to improve their services and attract more customers will use the information on the study. The government will also use the information to address areas that needs provision of services such as upgrading public transport system, security and provision of social amenities. Research question            The research question in this study will focus on the way the British airways company has improved its services to attract more customers and serve its customers better (Veal, 1997) .The following research questions will be used to assist in directing the study in this given area. The questions are as follows. Are there changes in the way passengers are served at airports?      2) What measures should be taken to ensure that security and safety of passengers               are provided by British Airways? 3) Is there any link between public transport and airports to improve passengers’ satisfaction in order to reduce congestion? 4) What should British airways do in order to grab the biggest share of this growing market? Objectives of the study            This research proposal is on investigating how British Airways has tried to improve the service to passengers. According to Clark (1998) the objectives of any study should be specific, smart, realistic and time bound. The specific objectives on the study will be: To evaluate the safety and security measures taken by airports and airlines security department to ensure passenger are protected. To find out the measures taken to promote easy movement of passengers.      (3) To investigate how the company has tried to address the issue of customer satisfaction           especially passengers. Hypothesis of the study            Hypothesis developed in this paper will be used to provide a general answer to the problems being searched on. However these hypotheses are subjected to clarification where by they will be tested to confirm whether they are true or not (Johns and Lee-ross,1998). The following alternative hypotheses therefore have been constructed to achieve objectives stated above. H2: Online booking of tickets has been developed to improve services offered to passengers. H3: Public transport has been established to help in easy movement of passengers from and to the airports. H4: Security has been increased to ensure that passengers are protected from any threats. Literature review Literature review is one of the most important aspects of a research proposal (Hart, 1998). It involves reviewing the existing literature in order to a void wasteful duplication of work other researchers had previously done. It is divided into three sections whereby the first section deals with online booking, second section deals with modification on transport and last one on security measures. Online ticketing            The effects of the new technology have been seen in the air transport sector. To date it can be said that online shopping has become a feature of modern life. Passengers who are traveling using air transport can now take or find their tickets through the use of Internet (Debra and Colin, 2003,p7). They can further customize their tickets by adding meal preferences and self selected seat numbers to make them feel satisfied. The new technology has also made it easier for airlines to communicate information to passengers very easily about conditions attached to fares and about general conditions of carriage (Arnold, 2004). This has led to reduction of cases of inconveniency during travel (Finn, Elliot and Walton, 2000)            A number of airlines are now shifting from traditional way of obtaining tickets to modern way where online shopping is encouraged. For instance easy Jet has ensured that over 98% of its bookings are made online (Rigas, 2002,p31). The Internet according to passengers has made booking of air tickets much easier than ever before. Among the advantage it has include saving time, and money since passengers will tend to avoid agents premiums and booking fees. Passengers therefore have time to make their decision on what to pick on. Online ticket sales by region Region  Own Airline Web-site All online Channels E-tickets issued     Industry average 11.0% 14.5% 19.1% North America 29.5% 37.1% 41.4% Europe 15.2% 16.0% 20.7% Asia Pacific 7.6% 10.2% 16.5% Source: Airline Business, July 2004 The table above shows the increase in passengers using online tickets during travel by British Airways. Travel to airports            Must of the passengers using air transport have not recognized the need to use public transport in order to get to and from the airport. This has led to congestion on surrounding roads. To reduce the congestion on the roads passengers are encouraged to use pubic transport to avoid being late. Many passengers do have bulky luggage and at the same time they will be required to be at the airport at a given time (Magalia, 2000). Use of surface access links should therefore be encouraged especially by travelers undertaking inter-urban journeys for business, non-work/leisure community and freight that are using links which are not directly connected with the ports or airport (Stabler, 1997,p17).            Managing directors and chief executive officers of the various airlines and airports have also encouraged the use of Buses and coach services to airports in order to reduce congestion and provide a public transport service to those for whom rail is not available option. These services are offered twenty four seven to increase efficiency and effectiveness when handling customers (Danny and Barbara, 2002,p11). The bus and coach services are made easily accessible and available from the airport and drop-off points, which are also well placed at strategic points. The Transport for London (TFL) for instance had agreed that bus stops and bus stations were to be located as close as possible to passenger objectives, including terminals and work places. The investment in coach and bus facilities that are well placed will attract more passengers to use the air transport more frequently, which in turn will lead to improved development of airline business (David, 1995). Airport officials currently are working with public transport operators to harmonize the linkage between airports and other cities and towns in the country (Fredrick, 2006,p25). Good infrastructure development is one of the indicators of economic growth of a given country. When links to the airports are many well established those who will be traveling will also be many.            The use of Rail transport has also led to some significant improvement but still premature. The breakdown of modes of transport used by migrants from UK airports shows low levels of rail use. However the low level of rail use can seriously change when new facilities are provided. For example the building of Docklands light Rail link into city Airport has resulted in 49% of passengers using Dhr therefore leading to an increase in public transport usage from 31% in 2003 to 50% in 2007 which off course was recognized as one of the highest rail mode-shares at any airport in the UK (Danny and Barbar, 2002,p9). Security and Safety issues            The need for strong and tight security measures was realized on 10 August 2006 when police officers tried to stop a suspected plot to blow up several planes leaving the UK, possibly using liquid explosives carried on board in hand luggage (Fredrick, 2006,p28). Around twenty people were arrested but the greatest challenge was to introduce a new technology that could detect any dangerous weapon carried by passengers. Restrictions on hand luggage were introduced whereby passengers were only allowed to carry a small range of essential items such as prescription medicines in but in recommended quality. In the beginning the introduction of these restrictions led to the widespread disruption to flights departing from all UK airports including the cancellation of many flights. Passengers are only to carry one small bag without any liquid or gels onto their flight (Frank, 2005,p16).            When we talk of security, most passengers have developed negative attitude towards using air transport because of security threats. The security issue has affected airline business and it is now the major problem that airlines should address (Melanie, 2003). Among the problems include longer queues, increased waiting times to go through security and increasing intrusion for passengers. In UK the situation is even worse in airports with large numbers of transferring passengers. Most of the airlines have been forced to cancel their flights because of security threats. For example British Airways announced in September 2006 that the August alert had cost them â‚ ¤40 million losses from the business (Joby, 2003). Further losses were also experienced since more funds were to be used in coming up or implementing effective measures. The airlines are everyday becoming more frustrated at the continuing difficulties at security points (Stephen, 2002,p84). This calls for the assistance of Government and airport operators in order to ensure that UK airports are able and capable of handling unexpected events (Harold and Evra, 1994,p7).    . Data Collection method.            This chapter deals with how data on study will be conducted. Basically two methods will be used that is administering questionnaires and interviews. Five students in one of the universities in London will be selected taking a degree in airline and airport management to assist in collection of data. These students will be given a thorough training for two days in relevant questions in the questionnaire. A total of five passengers will be interviewed. The CEO, transport manager and security officer will also be interviewed. The sampling method for picking passengers will be randomized clustered sampling. Data collection method and techniques            Interviews will be conducted where the interviewers will have with themselves a set of questions to be asked and answered. They will be expected to have undergone thorough training on both the method and meaning of each item on the questionnaire. The students will also be expected to be familiar with the different airports and airlines in UK and piloting of the questionnaires will be done first to test for construct validity. Data collection procedures.            Data collection procedure will be through questionnaire and interviews. The interviewers in order to carry out the study will be trained on the topic of study will conduct direct face to face interviewers with the sample population stated above with the assistance of a well prepared questionnaire to elicit response and ensure consistency. Four categories of responses ranging from very satisfied (VS), neither satisfied nor dissatisfied (NS), very/fairly dissatisfied (VD) and don’t know (DN) will be used. Limitation of the study            The survey will deal with different people from different cultural background. The interviewers may have problem of winning the attention and trust of passengers. Difficulties in convincing them to be free and honest may arise. Lack of adequate funds may also hinder the success of the study for it to be completed in time. Work Plan Phase Activity Time 1 Choosing study topic and looking for objectives and hypothesis 10/11/2007 – 20/11/2007 2 Research design Developing, questionnaires 25/11/2007 – 30/11/2007 3 Developing literature review chapter and reading books 02/12/2007 – 04/12/2007 4 Writing chapter on research methodologies 07/12/2007 – 15/12/2007 5 Finding the relevant research tools 20/12/2007-24/12/2007 6 Preparation and presentation of finding 25/12/2007 – 30/12/2007 7 Write up of the report 01/01/2008 – 05/01/2008 Structure of the questionnaire  Very/ fair satisfied (%) Neither satisfied nor dissatisfied (%) (ND) Very dissatisfied (%) (VD) Don’t know (%) (DN) Public transport link to airport     Number of destination served     Cost of flight     Airport security     Airport facilities     Level of flight delays     Information about flight at airport     Check in times     Local services provision and Access     Bibliography Arnold, D.C (2004). Lt. Gen, Forests. S Mc Cartney. The First Space Professional; Air power History, Vol 51 Clark, M (1998) Researching and Writing Dissertations in Hospitality and Tourism. London. Thompson Business press David, J (1995) Filling up The British Experience, 1896 – 1940, Journal of Design History, Vol.8 Douglas G.P. & Richard, W. B. (1999). Contemporary Issues in Tourism. New York: Routledge. Debra J. & Colin, T. (2003). Issues in cultural Tourism. New York: Routledge Danny, M. & Barbara, D (2002) Public Relations Cases: International Perspectives. New York: Routledge Frank, P. Harvey. (2005). Canada Addition to American Security; The Illusion of Choice in the War on Terrorism (1,2); American Review of Canadian Studies, Vol. 35 Fredrick. M. Burkale Jr. (2006). Globalization and Disaster, Issues of public health, state capacity and political Action, journal of international Affairs, Vol. 59 Finn, M., Elliot-White, M. and Walton. (2000). Tourism And Leisure Research   Methods. Harlow, Essex: Pearson education. Gill, J & Johnson, P. (1997). Research Methods For Managers 2nd ed. London:   Paul Chapman Harold, F. O. & Evra, L.B. (1994). Technology Assessment in software Application.  London Lawrence Earl Baum Association. Hart, C (1998). Doing A Literature Review. London Gage Publication Johns, N & Lee –ross, D (1998). Research Methods in Service industry Management. London Cassel Joby, J. (2003). Fundamental of Customer – Focused Management; Competing through service; Westport CT: Praeger Magalia, D. (2000). Barrier and Incentives to the Adoption of ISO 14001 firms in the United States, Duke Environmental law & Policy Forum, Vol.11 Melanie, K.S. (2003). Issues in cultural Tourism. New York. Routledge. Rigas, D. (2002). Flying off Course: The Economic of International Airlines. New York: Routledge. Stabler, M.C. (1997). The economics of Tourism. New York: Routledge. Stephen L. Baird. (2002). Biometrics â€Å"Security Technology: It is important for students to understand that Technology can be used as part of a solution to a problem. The technology Teacher Vol. 61 Veal, A.J. (1997). Research In Tourism And Leisure: practical Guide. London: Financial    Times, pitman
Friday, August 30, 2019
“Nick’s main attitude to east coast society is fascination.” How far, and in what ways do you agree with this statement?
In â€Å"The Great Gatsby†the feelings of the main characters are often difficult to work out, and this ambiguity continues with the character of Nick. However, I believe that the feeling of â€Å"fascination†could be taken in two different ways – positive and negative. It could mean that Nick is enthralled and entranced wholly by what he sees, or fascinated in that he is amazed by how fake or shallow the people can be on the East Coast. Throughout the novel, Nick's thoughts and feelings change frequently, depending on the situation he is in and the people that he is with, and this is why it is difficult to try and establish what his main feeling is as it varies so much. I will look at the main points in the book where the East Coast society is clearly shown, and try to establish Nick's main attitude and how Fitzgerald presents his thoughts and feelings to us. One of the primary places where Fitzgerald displays the society to us is when Nick meets Tom and Daisy. When describing Daisy's voice, Nick words phrases such as â€Å"low, thrilling†, and calls it an â€Å"exhilarating ripple†. I believe that this type of description, which occurs frequently whenever Nick talks about Daisy, show his fascination in a positive way with the East Coast world. The words â€Å"thrilling†and â€Å"exhilarating†imply that Nick is almost mesmerised by her as they are so emotive, something which I believe holds true for the society as a whole – it appears as if Nick is put in something of a trance by the glamour of it. I believe Fitzgerald chose Nick to have this reaction to Daisy because it goes some way to showing his feelings towards the East Coast. This is because Fitzgerald leads the reader to believe that Daisy is supposed to represent the people and the society on the east coast as a whole – by making her pretty, somewhat naive and somewhat false, Fitzgerald is able to show Nick's feelings about the situation as a whole through one character. I believe that this aspect of the novel shows mainly the fascination on Nick's part. Although the reader gets the impression that Nick is mesmerised by this world, Fitzgerald makes us doubt this due to the way that he has written some of Nick's narration. For example, when describing Daisy and her mannerisms, Nick narrates â€Å"That was a way she had. †This quote implies that Nick realises that Daisy is not how she presents herself to be, and almost knows that she's fairly manipulative in the way she acts. There are numerous examples of this throughout; Nick explains that Daisy has â€Å"an absurd, charming little laugh†, and the word â€Å"absurd†again implies that he finds it too charming to be real. I believe that Fitzgerald wanted Nick's feelings to be ambiguous – these comments contribute to the impression that if the reader takes away the surface attraction, Nick is actually fascinated by the falseness of the society around him rather than fascinated in wonder. In this way, I would say that Nick's main feeling here would also be fascination – but not in the same way as the fascination with Daisy and her appearance as I believe that to be more of a surface fascination. Whilst I believe these negative comments to be a sign of Nick's absorption in this world, it is easy to understand why some readers could take them as signs of out and out contempt. Contributing to this view would be the way that Fitzgerald makes Nick sound mocking and sometimes sarcastic towards Daisy. An example of this is when he says â€Å"That's why I came over tonight†in response to Daisy's question about the story of the butler's nose. The sarcasm is clearly evident in that reply, and it has an air of mockery to it also as the reader realises that Daisy is perhaps not the brightest of people. Fitzgerald has ensured that the reader knows that Nick has realised this also, and because of this, it would be easy to feel that he is mocking Daisy as he knows she won't understand the sarcasm in his response. This would create the impression that Nick holds Daisy and the lifestyle in general in contempt and would therefore go against the statement that Nick is mainly fascinated by this world. However, I believe that many of Nick's sarcastic comments are actually him trying to be funny, as I don't believe that he would be capable of being nasty to Daisy as he is so mesmerised by her. I also believe that this fits with Nick's perception of the whole society, due to the fact that I think Fitzgerald meant Daisy to represent the East Coast as a whole. Another main situation in the novel where we see what Nick thinks about the society is up to and during Gatsby's parties. In a similar fashion to his description of Daisy, at the beginning of Chapter 3 Nick provides us with a very long description of everything about the parties. The description is very detailed, for example the â€Å"spiced baked hams, crowded against salads of harlequin designs and pastry pigs and turkeys bewitched to a dark gold†. The detail in the description means that Fitzgerald has created the impression that Nick is relishing describing what he sees, and again that he is drawn in by the extravagance and beauty of what he can see. This adds to this impression that Nick's main attitude. In addition to this, Fitzgerald uses lots words that make things sound magical in the description, for example â€Å"bewitched†, â€Å"gold†and â€Å"floating†. These words create the feeling in the readers' minds that Nick is enchanted by what he is seeing – as if he is placed in some sort of trance by the glamour of it all. Again, I believe that this can be linked to how he feels about Daisy – Nick is put in almost a trance by her looks and her voice, and it's almost as if only the odd negative thought is able to slip through that. Again, Fitzgerald makes Nick's true feelings difficult to ascertain, as he puts in words into the description that are very ambiguous in their meaning. They make the reader unsure of Nick's truth in his words, as the way they are taken entirely depends on the individual reader's point of view. An example of this is the phrase â€Å"A bar with a real brass rail was set up†. Here, the word â€Å"real†is what makes the reader unsure, as it could just be taken in the same way as everything else – Nick is describing everything in sight with detail and relish. However, it could also be taken as mocking, because â€Å"real†sounds as if Nick could be making fun of those people who care about and are truly fascinated by the authenticity of the brass rail. The first point of view, that this is genuine wonder from Nick, would contribute to the first interpretation of fascination, as it would demonstrate a real interest in the extravagance of the society that they would be able to afford and expect something like that. However I believe that the second point of view, the mockery, would also contribute to an attitude of fascination – but the second interpretation of the word; the meaning that involves Nick being fascinated by the shallowness and materialism of the people and the society in general. This is because the society in the East is a lot more concerned with possessions and appearances than Nick would have been used to in the Midwest, where family would have been much more important. In conclusion, in creating such intense description, I believe Fitzgerald makes the reader feel that Nick's main feeling here is fascination, but leaves us undecided as to what think. Another aspect of the parties that creates a similar dilemma is how Fitzgerald creates dialogue and conversation during the parties. When Nick is talking to the two girls, the way that the narration during the dialogue between speech is put makes Nick sound potentially mocking – the repetition, for example â€Å"It was for Lucille, too†sounds very mocking and as if Nick feels that the conversation he is surrounded by is very artificial and that nobody there is very individual. This would clearly be a reflection on society there as a whole and would go against the statement in the title. Another possibility is that Fitzgerald wants the reader to feel that Nick feels superior to the people around him, and so is repeating names and sayings in order to create humour – to be mocking in a more light-hearted way. This interpretation would not particularly support the view that Nick is fascinated by society either. However, another interpretation would be that Fitzgerald wants us to feel that Nick is so caught up in the conversation that he is simply writing down everything because he feels it is all really interesting, or that he is too engrossed to filter what is being said. This third view of the narration by Fitzgerald would obviously support the statement that Nick is fascinated by the society. This is the view that I would take, due to the fact that other aspects placed in the novel at this point by Fitzgerald support it – for example â€Å"A thrill passed over all of us†and â€Å"We all turned and looked around for Gatsby†. These sentences show that Fitzgerald wants us to see that Nick feels included in this conversation and is intrigued by it, and so adds to the view that Nick's main attitude is fascination. A similar effect is achieved by the way in which Fitzgerald structures the narration here – when Nick is describing what he sees, he writes lists of the things. Fitzgerald has structured these not in a fluent, literary way but by putting a heavy repetition of the word â€Å"and†in-between each new addition to the list. This makes Nick seem almost overwhelmed by what he sees – as if he is too mesmerised by it all to try and structure anything coherently. It also gives the reader the impression that the objects are never-ending, and makes us feel that Nick believes all the enthralling things he sees will go on forever. It creates the feeling of wonder that I would link strongly with fascination, and as a result I believe it supports the title statement. It could be pure fascination at the glamour and appearance of all these things, but it could also be fascination at just how much there is – Nick could be in wonder at the overly extravagant natures of the parties. Again, I believe Fitzgerald has constructed this ambiguity intentionally to show how Nick has conflicting emotions about the society he is now involved in. A separate place in the novel where we see Nick immersed in the East coast world is during his visit to New York, which we are briefly told about. I believe Fitzgerald placed this description of New York in the novel to show Nick's reactions to the East Coast outside of East and West Egg. I think the description on New York adds to the idea that Nick is mainly fascinated by the society, because Fitzgerald uses such mysterious and magical words in the description – for example â€Å"enchanted†, â€Å"twilight†and â€Å"haunting†. These words create the feeling for the reader that Nick believes he is in some sort of magical world, and displays his obvious liking for the city. I think that Fitzgerald intended this to link with Nick's overall feelings about East and West Egg, as I believe that if he wished us to believe that Nick was repulsed by the nature of the area he would not be so complimentary about New York. The description creates an appealing vision of the city, not one that is meant to deter the reader. As a result, I believe that this description adds to the impression that Nick's main view is fascination. The way that Fitzgerald presents Nick also affects what we think his opinion is about East Coast society, because his personality affects how we take his reactions. Fitzgerald has presented Nick as a character who always looks for glamour in situations, and prefers to see the better side of things. This can be seen in the New York description, when he imagines that he is involved in the lives of the glamorous people around him. As a result of this personality we are given for Nick by Fitzgerald, personally I am more inclined to go with the interpretations that he is simply fascinated by what he sees of the culture in the East. In addition to this, we are told that Nick is very reserved with judgements, and this personality trait makes me think that Nick would therefore not be mocking and sarcastic so early on in the book – i. . during the bits I have written about – which also makes me believe that most of his fascination is genuine. Overall, I would agree fairly strongly with the statement that Nick is mainly fascinated by East Coast society; however I think the type of fascination that he feels varies depending on the situation. I believe that he is fascinated in terms of the glamour of that world and also, at times, fascinated by how materialistic and shallow i t appears to be.
Thursday, August 29, 2019
Character and Iago
The Balance of Iago and Desdemona’s Characters in Othello In William Shakespeare’s tragic play Othello the balance of good versus evil is seen in Desdemona and Iago. â€Å"Every character is [†¦] balanced by another similar or contrasting character†(Kernan 877). We see this balance in Desdemona’s â€Å"innocence†and Iago’s corrupting hatred (877). The effects both Iago and Desdemona have on the main character Othello throughout the play only help to show this balance. Othello becomes the tragic work of art due to the balancing of Iago’s hatred and Desdemona’s loyalty throughout the play.At the beginning of the play, Iago’s hatred is evident through his desire to have revenge on Othello. As he speaks to Roderigo, he discusses this hatred for Othello. â€Å"These fellows have some soul, / And such a one do I profess myself. / It is as sure as you are Roderigo, / Were I the Moor I would not be Iago. / In following him , I follow but myself- / Heaven is my judge, not I for love and duty, / But seeming so for my peculiar end. †(Shakespeare 1. 1. 56-62). From this Iago begins his plot to overtake Othello by manipulating others to do his bidding which only adds to the extremity of his character.With his plot in motion, Iago, according to Amy Clark, uses a special technique to trick Othello by â€Å"cleverly [appearing] to be reluctant to speak ill against others. †This technique â€Å"makes Othello not suspect Iago of any dishonest behavior†(Clark). This is where Othello believes his so called friend over his wife. This method that Clark speaks of shows Iago’s deceit towards Othello. Iago says to Othello, â€Å"Cassio:/ In sleep I heard him say â€Å"Sweet Desdemona,/ Let us be wary, let us hide our loves†;/ And then, sir, would he gripe and wring my hand,/ Cry â€Å"O sweet creature! and then kiss me hard,/ then laid his leg/ Over my thigh, and sigh'd, and kiss 'd; and/ Cried â€Å"Cursed fate that gave thee to the Moor! †(Shakespeare 3. 3. 418-426) Iago is also willing to do almost anything to get his revenge. This is proven again at the denouement of the play, when Iago kills his own wife, as she tells Othello that Desdemona was in fact innocent. Iago tries to shut Emilia up from stating the truth by saying, â€Å"Zounds, hold your piece†(Shakespeare 5. 2. 231), â€Å"Be wise, and get you home†(Shakespeare 5. 2. 236), â€Å"Villainous whore! (Shakespeare 5. 2. 243) and â€Å"Filth, thou liest! †(Shakespeare 5. 2. 246). Iago isn’t successful in shutting Emilia up until he stabs her and she dies. Iago manipulates and twists many actions within this play to help him succeed in his revenge against Othello; however, in the end of the play it is not only Othello but also Iago who creates his own demise. Desdemona in turn balances out Iago’s pure hatred with the love and devotion she has towards he r husband. Desdemona says to Othello, â€Å"For ‘twas that hand that gave away my heart†(Shakespeare 3. . 43) proving that her love and devotion was for Othello, and Othello only. William Long says that this is shown in Desdemona’s â€Å"exposition of the reasons she loves Othello [and this helps to define] her essential character as a woman of loyalty and fidelity to him†(Long). This can also be seen when Desdemona is questioned about leaving Venice to follow Othello to Cyprus. She says, â€Å"The rites for why I love him are bereft me,/ And I a heavy interim shall support / By his dear absence.Let me go with him†(Shakespeare 1. 3. 258-60). As the play comes to its climax, we can see the effect that Desdemona has on her husband. Overcome with a jealous rage, due to the fact that he thinks Desdemona is cheating on him, and thanks to Iago’s hatred, Othello ends up killing her despite her pleas. Although, Desdemona is completely innocent of this act, she remains faithful to her husband in her last breath as she declares to Emilia that â€Å"nobody†did this to her except herself (Shakespeare 5. 2. 128).Othello has been called one of William Shakespeare’s greatest tragedies, and throughout the entire play, Alvin Kerman’s theory of each character having another character that is â€Å"similar or contrasting†to create balance is shown directly through the characters Iago and Desdemona (877). Othello’s corruptive behavior is caused by Iago’s hatred and is balanced by her innocence as well as her love and devotion for her husband. The balances they create make Othello the tragedy it is known as today. Works Cited Clark, Amy. â€Å"Analyze The Techniques Iago Uses to Plant Suspicion In Othello’s Mind. Coursework. Info. Web. 03 Apr. 2012 Kernan, Alvin. â€Å"The Complete Signet Classic Shakespeare. †Backpack Literature: An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, Drama and Wr iting. Ed. X. J. Kenndy and Dana Gioia. 4th ed. New York: Longman, 2012. 877. Print. 03 Apr. 2012 Long, William R. â€Å"Desdemona's Love and Othello. †Dr. William Long and Dr. Bill Long. 1 Jan. 2004. Web. 03 Apr. 2012. Shakespeare, William. Othello, The Moor of Venice. Backpack Literature: An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, Drama and Writing. Ed. X. J. Kenndy and Dana Gioia. 4th ed. New York: Longman, 2012. 762-875. Print. 03 Apr. 2012
Wednesday, August 28, 2019
Applying time series methodologies simulation Essay
Applying time series methodologies simulation - Essay Example Its worth investing because the results are tangible and positive. A decrease in advertising budget has resulted to reduced sales. With investing 164 million USD in advertising, the company generated 2,454.41 million USD. Putting 140 million dollars for advertising resulted to 2,264.85. This is a significant decrease in revenue or sales generation. Average investments in advertising would bring an average accumulation of sales. Blue Inc in the last three advertisement budget has ranged between 148 million USD to 164 million USD. This means that the level of sales would remain at the same level if there would be no or little increase in advertising budgets. A decrease in advertising budget from 164 million USD to 140 million USD resulted to a decrease in revenue generation from 2,454.41 million US dollars to 2,264.85 million dollars. Therefore (164-140) = (2454.41-2264.85) The above is significant for it means that if the competitors were to put massive investments in advertising, they would surpass the sales of Blue Inc. The current trend in advertisement investment is a threat, and the company should consider adding the amount set aside for advertisement. At current rate of allocation of advertising resources, the company would significantly lose in retail coverage. Decreased levels of advertising would mean that few people would be reached by the message. The competitors would be capitalizing on this, and therefore, if the company is to avoid losing its competitive niche, it has to consider increasing levels of
HIST 1400 assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words
HIST 1400 - Assignment Example Enlightenment philosophies diluted the pretenses of previous strict principles (Cole, 2013). Enlightenment philosophies did not embrace the idea of liberation of mind and morality. As a result, it became hard for such ways of thinking to differentiate liberation of the mind from the idea of inevitability. I think the French revolution was more revolutionary than the American one. This because the French were against a society of social classes and the idea that aristocracy is innate. This movement practically spread the idea that all people are born as equals and that there is no elite class in a community of human beings (Cole, 2013). On the other hand, American revolutionists simply wanted to establish their own rule away from the influence of the British, the colonizers. American revolutionists were against the idea of paying taxes to the British without any representation in the government. I agree with historian Simon Schama that violence was a â€Å"source of collective energy†for the French revolution. The violence of the French Revolution was avoidable. It is possible to imagine a course of events in which violence was not so prevalent during the French Revolution. If the king adhered to the revolutionists’ demands and made an effort to establish a constitutional government, violence would not have been necessary (Cole,
Tuesday, August 27, 2019
ECON PAPER Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words
ECON PAPER - Essay Example My small business is related to the development and marketing of herbal medicine for chronic ailments like arthritis, asthma, which when treated with allopathic medicines bring many side effects with them. Doctors prescribe the drugs, which are mostly NSAIDs and are used to provide relief from pain. Although, they are highly effective yet they have severe side effects too. They can instill stomach cramps, drowsiness, diarrhea, heartburn, edema (swelling of the feet), nausea and much of the discomfort. Over and above, NSAIDs carry a risk of causing heart attacks, stroke, clotting, and kidney failure, if taken for a long period of time. The risk is proportionate to the dosages. No patient would like to suffer such perils after continued consumption of these drugs. If they are given a choice for an alternative herbal medicine; it is certain that they will always switch over to a safer drug where the possibilities of any side effects are not there. My herbal medicines are made from rind of mangosteen, ginger, and many such herbs. My herbal medicines are targeted to those customers who do not get permanent cure from ailments as mentioned above. (See The Columbia Encyclopedia, p-30582) Mangosteen is a naturally available fruit and is said to be a queen of fruits in their growing countries. Extracts of it are used to formulate herbal medicines that work as a potent anti inflammatory. Its extraordinary ability to cure lies in a compound called xanthones, which are abundantly available in the rind of this fruit. Science has found 40 types of xanthones in mangosteen. Thus, this is the most potent source of xanthones naturally available. Xanthones are the most powerful antioxidants provided by nature. Antioxidants are the compounds necessary for our healthy life. They slow the process of ageing and work as potent anti inflammatory
Monday, August 26, 2019
The Impact of Burger King's Arrival in Lausanne Research Paper
The Impact of Burger King's Arrival in Lausanne - Research Paper Example The questions took both the open and closed format. The data thus collected were analyzed using SPSS version 19 and the results presented in graphical, tabular and arithmetic formats. The questions were designed to draw as much feedback as possible on the satisfaction levels of clients in terms of product quality, affordability, and service. There was one question which was inferential and it was aimed at establishing the respondents’ loyalty. The multiple choice format and Likert based scales which is a preferred method for determining the ranking of answers (Huck 76; Creswell 98) were used. The questions were set with the assistance of findings from previous studies and the questionnaire was self-administered. The questionnaire was constructed with the eventual purpose of analysis in mind. The setting of the research questions was done with reference to previous research done in competing firms and the multiple choices were double checked to ensure that they captured all nec essary aspects of the research. Care was taken to use only positive statements and the questionnaire was in easy to understand language and was checked for grammatical errors, spelling, and punctuation to ensure all respondents understood it in the same manner (De Vaus, 62). The return rate for the Questionnaire was 100% since it was self-administered. 9 Results and Findings 11 1.0 Descriptive results for demographic variables 11 2.0 Preliminary results of main outcome measures 12 The main aim of the study was to establish the level of loyalty and contentment among McDonald’s clients, In this regard, major selling points of McDonald's were identified and respondents questioned on how they rated them. Table 2 presents a summary of the qualitative variables. 12 Hypothesis Tests 15 Discussions and Recommendations 16 Works cited 19  Executive Summary: Businesses do not operate in a vacuum. They operate in an environment peopled with individuals otherwise referred to as the customers, suppliers, the civil authorities, diverse economic and social factors, entrepreneurs and shareholders as well as homogenous institutions otherwise known as competitors. A business has to navigate all these factors so that to remain economically viable (Israelite, 27). In the current research, the Lausanne Franchises of McDonald's are faced with imminent competition from the entry of McDonald's perennial competitor; Burger King. This entry is presumed to be sometime in December of this year. The entry of a competitor always heralds new challenges to be surmounted by any company. The customers were the main source of revenue also become, at such times, an important source of information. In this regard, McDonalds Lausanne commissioned this study to establish whether their current customer base is under threat from this new entrant.
Sunday, August 25, 2019
McKinsey case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words
McKinsey case study - Essay Example An organization can get competitive advantages in the market than other competitors by applying knowledge management efforts. It also helps to do more improved and innovative performance. Sharing of knowledge is a major part of knowledge management system which can overlap the traditional learning procedure. In this regard SECI model can be used by any organization to handle its knowledge management system in a better way. The model is mainly focusing on the tacit knowledge and explicit knowledge. In this model four modes of knowledge conversion are identified. These modes are Socialization, Externalization, Combination and Internalization (Becerra-Fernandez and Leidner, 2008). This model is describes as follows. 1. Socialization [Tacit to Tacit] – In this mode knowledge is passed on through practice, observation, guidance and imitation. Tacit knowledge is such kind of knowledge that is difficult to transfer to another person by verbalizing it or by means of writing it down. Here social interaction is an example of tacit to tacit knowledge transfer system. Sharing knowledge through face to face or through experience both come under this mode. Meeting, conference etc are the examples of socialization in which people can get knowledge through sharing experiences. This kind of knowledge sharing system is time and space specific and also difficult to formalize. 2. Externalization [Tacit to Explicit] – In this mode tacit knowledge is transformed or coded into manuals or documents so that it can distribute in a easier way throughout the organization. Every employee of a certain organization can get access of knowledge through this system. Here tacit knowledge is coded into explicit knowledge. Explicit knowledge means such kind of knowledge that is codified, articulated, expressed, stored in certain media and readily transmitted to
Saturday, August 24, 2019
Does a specific score on a fall risk scale identify patients at risk Research Proposal
Does a specific score on a fall risk scale identify patients at risk for falls in an acute hospital stay - Research Proposal Example In an ideal world, when patients realize a high score on the fall risk scale and nurses fail to put up prevention strategies, then the patients frequently end up falling. On the other hand, the inhibition tactics habitually come in handy in averting the falling of the patients whenever nurses employ them. This research proposal aims to provide a universal outline on how to carry out a survey to determine whether the scores managed by patients on a fall risk scale is a pointer to whether they will fall or not. It primarily covers the complete research procedure, including the research design, the roles of the researchers and the participants, as well as the methods of data collection and those of data analysis. In as much as, there are several inherent reasons such as previous history of falling and chronic illnesses that may lead to a patient falling, a myriad of extrinsic factors can similarly be to blame. This includes the failure of the patient to call for help, the event that the patient is on high-risk treatment, as well as late reaction from the nurse or any other healthcare provider on sight. Cases of patient falling can similarly be brought about by inadequate assessment procedures, particularly the failure of a nurse to go with the scores from the fall risk scale. As mentioned in the abstract, those patients who have over time been subjected to high-risk fall prevention plans, have always avoided falling. This research proposal employs an inclusive research process, to establish that the precise score of a fall risk scale pinpoints patients who are in danger of falling in the course of acute hospital stays. This research proposal aims to make available more insight on the concern as to whether the specific score that the patient attains in the fall risk scale, can be an element in determining whether he or she can be a victim of
Friday, August 23, 2019
Comets, Astroids and other junk in space Research Paper
Comets, Astroids and other junk in space - Research Paper Example omens of disaster, comets, asteroids and other junks floating in space are now more understood in theories and concepts provided in more advanced scientific discourses and research. In this regard, this essay is written to proffer relevant information on comets, asteroids and other floating objects in space. At the same token, some personal thoughts and reactions on the subject would be inferred in the conclusion. Random House Dictionary defines a comet as â€Å"a celestial body moving about the sun, usually in a highly eccentric orbit, consisting of a central mass surrounded by an envelope of dust and gas that may form a tail that streams away from the sun.†(n.p.) On the other hand, asteroids are defined as â€Å"any of the thousands of small bodies of from 480 miles (775 km) to less than one mile (1.6 km) in diameter that revolve about the sun in orbits lying mostly between those of Mars and Jupiter.†(Random House, 2009) These are also called minor planets. The distinguishing characteristics of comets from asteroids are its location and their composition. Comets come from the coldest part of the solar system which enables them to preserve their icy composition and dust particles. As comets near the vicinity of the sun, they release dust and the gas which evaporates form a gushing trail as it moves. According to Sea and Sky Organization, â€Å"many astronomers refer to them as "dirty snowballs" or "icy mudballs" because that is exactly what they look like. The ice that forms a comet can consist of both water ice and frozen gases.†(par. 3) Asteroids, on the other hand, are found between the planets of Mars and Jupiter and their composition show no ices nor dusts around them. Their sizes range from a few feet to several miles in diameter. There are several theories as to the emergence of asteroids in the location, known famously as the asteroid belt. The Sea and Sky Organization averred the following theories, to wit: â€Å"many astronomers believe that billions
Thursday, August 22, 2019
Education Reform Essay Example for Free
Education Reform Essay Introduction 1. How many of you had a senior class with a 100% graduation rate? 90%? 80%? 70%? Less than 70%? I graduated in 1985, tenth in my class. There were 500 kids in my senior class, and all but three of us graduated. That’s over a 99% graduation rate. Yet, we had been told just two years prior that our schools were not doing their jobs, and that we would be the first generation that would not exceed our parents’ generation educationally. What does that say about your generation? Is it your fault? Or your teachers or parents? Is it because of or in spite of education reform? 2. Today I will speak to you about education reform. First, I will discuss a bit of the history of reform, especially in the latter half of the 20th century. Next, I will speak about how the reform of today is actually hurting both students and teachers, and creating problems for future generations. Finally, I will talk about some possible solutions to give teachers more autonomy in teaching and children more joy and interest in learning. 3. I am qualified to speak about this topic because of my own experiences with education reform, the past ten years of extensive research I have done on this subject, and the papers I have written about it. (Transition: Let me begin by giving you a brief history of education reform. ) Body 1. Education reform is nothing new. A look at the history of public schools in the United States shows accountability standards have been around for nearly 200 years. Who is accountable to whom and for what have changed, but the basic premise has been in place a long time. In 1897, Dr. Joseph Mayer Rice began the push for standardized achievement tests to evaluate curriculum and instruction. While unsuccessful at first, by World War I school boards across the nation were using achievement tests in elementary and secondary schools. Accountability was placed on the administrators, superintendents, and the school boards. Until just after the Second World War, schools in modern buildings with sufficient rooms, desks, and textbooks for students, qualified teachers, and indoor plumbing were viewed as good schools. A. With the launch of Sputnik by the Soviets, education standards in America began to change. The upheaval of the 1950s and 1960s gave way to higher standards and the onus of accountability was beginning to shift to teachers. B. In The Schools our Children Deserve: Moving Beyond Traditional Classrooms and â€Å"Tougher Standards†, published in 1999, Alfie Kohn writes that by the end of the 1970s, two thirds of the states had mandated that high school students had to pass minimum competency tests to graduate. C. The 1983 report A Nation at Risk states â€Å"†¦the educational foundations of our society are presently being eroded by a rising tide of mediocrity that threatens our very future as a Nation and a people. What was unimaginable a generation ago has begun to occurâ€â€others are matching and surpassing our educational attainments. â€Å" Reforms continued through the 1980s and 1990s, but it wasn’t until the much maligned No Child Left Behind was enacted in 2002 that education reform was once again at the forefront of our attention. (Transition: That brings me to my second point, which deals with the problems with education reform, most especially NCLB) 1. Teachers are being held to tougher and higher standards than ever before, and they are feeling the pressure. Many excellent teachers have either gone to teach at private schools or quit teaching altogether to avoid the demands made on them. Others have done their best to teach students in what has become a decidedly unfriendly environment. Decisions made by people who either have no experience in teaching children, or are so far removed from the public school setting are causing a rift in our educational process and a loss of respect for teachers. Teachers are now held accountable for the test scores and graduation rates of their students. Teachers are an easy target, and teacher bashing is all too common among policy makers. Some parents are also quick to blame the teacher instead of themselves or their child for poor test grades. It is little wonder that some teachers are seeking different jobs. The pressure of being a teacher is tremendous. To be held responsible for that over which they have little or no control is no way to keep current or attract new teachers to the profession. A. In their 2002 book High Stakes: Children, Testing, and Failure in American Schools, Dale and Bonnie Johnson make comparisons between jobs in education and other service-oriented jobs, saying â€Å" Dentists are not held accountable for patients who develop cavities. We do not blame social workers for clients that cannot get jobs. Lawyers are not accountable for clients who end up in prison. †B. A lack of autonomy and decision-making power over structures and procedures that affect their day-to-day work is one of the working conditions that teachers find intolerable. Elaine Garan, in her book In Defense of Our Children: When Politics, Profit, and Education Collide, published in 2004, says that â€Å"Teachers’ control over matters closest to them, such as pedagogy and curriculum content, has diminished because poor test scores lead to increased pressure to teach the standards and a tighter monitoring of teachers’ work. †C. It is not only the teachers who are affected by these standards. Children are also losers in this era of high stakes testing. An article titled High Stakes Testing Has a Negative Impact on Learning by David Berliner and Sharon Nichols in the 2008 book Has No Child Left Behind Been Good for Education? , states â€Å"By restricting the education of young people and substituting for it training to perform well on high stakes examinations, we are turning America into a nation of test-takers, abandoning our heritage as a nation of thinkers, dreamers, and doers. †(Transition: Now that I’ve spoken about the problems with current education reforms, I’d like to talk about my third point: possible solutions that might allow teachers to be more autonomous and students to learn effectively. ) 1. In my research, I’ve come across a few interesting ideas for education reform. Two ideas that have some merit are learning community schools and child-centered schools. A. Charles Myers and Douglas Simpson write about learning community schools in their 1998 book Re-Creating Schools: Places Where Everyone Learns and Likes It. They say â€Å"When schools are thought of as learning communities, they are cultures rather than physical locations. As cultures, they have a moral purpose, a mission, and a shared set of core values. Their moral purpose is to educate students and their central goal is all students learning at the highest possible levels. †Obviously, these are common missions and goals of all schools, but the difference in learning community cultures, the mission and goal are used more consistently to create better learning for children and teachers alike. B. In his 1993 book, What are we trying to teach them anyway? A Father’s Focus on School Reform, Ronald Pierce advocates for child-centered schools. He writes, â€Å"Child-centered educators believe that each child needs to develop their own commitment to and style of learning, and that can only occur in an environment where the child largely directs his own learning. †In this setting, acquiring knowledge is still important, but not as much as the overall psychological and emotional development of the child. Conclusion 1. In conclusion, today I have spoken to you about the history of education reform, the problems with the current ideas, and some solutions that might make things better for teachers and students. 2. A teacher making $25,000 per year, buying their own classroom supplies, paying bills and possibly supporting a family is under a lot of strain. Add to that the stringent guidelines and the accountability standards of education today and it becomes obvious why so many young people are abandoning the profession or not entering it at all. Veteran teachers with a few years’ experience may make a bit more, but the same stresses are there. The mass firings of teachers, guidance counselors, principals and assistant principals in Rhode Island in February 2010 is an extreme example of the effects of high stakes education reforms. How are teachers supposed to do their jobs when the threat of being fired looms over their heads? We cannot expect our teachers to continue to work in conditions such as these, and we cannot expect our children to become automatons filled with facts that only glean the surface of what there is to learn. Bibliography Fisanick, Christina. Ed. Has No Child Left Behind Been Good for Education? Greenhaven Press. 2008. Print Garan, Elaine M. In Defense of Our Children: When Politics, Profit, and Education Collide. Heinemann, 2004. Print Johnson, Dale D and Bonnie. High Stakes: Children, Testing, and Failure in American Schools. Rowman Littlefield Publishers. 2002. Print Kohn, Alfie. The Schools Our Children Deserve: Moving Beyond Traditional Classrooms and â€Å"Tougher Standards. Houghton Mifflin Company. 1999 Print Myers, Charles and Simpson, Douglas. Re-Creating Schools: Places Where Everyone Learns and Likes it. Corwin Press, Inc. 1998 National Commission on Excellence in Education. A Nation At Risk: The Imperative for Educational Reform. April 1993. Pierce, Ronald K. What are we trying to teach them anyway? A Father’s Focus on School Reform. ICS Press. 1993.
Wednesday, August 21, 2019
Example of a Reflective Writing Essay Example for Free
Example of a Reflective Writing Essay An example of good reflective writing – integration of theory with personal experience; justification and explanation of person experience using relevant theory as support; provides insight into the author’s observations of the theory; appropriate use of language; analysis of theory within the context of own experience. Organisational change and development theory suggests that models are a good way of providing change practitioners with strategies to plan, implement and move through various stages of change (Waddell, Cummings Worley, 2007). While it is arguable that models are useful in providing guidelines for change practitioners, I feel that they are not necessarily an accurate representation of how change is actually experienced in organisations. I have worked in an organisation that has been through repeated change throughout the duration of my employment. My experience of change has been somewhat different from how it is reflected in change models. For example, as an employee I have not been involved in the initial planning stages of change, nor have I been involved in diagnosis at an individual level, therefore I am unclear as to what happens during these stages. From an individual perspective, it feels as though change is planned and implemented in my organisation at the senior levels of management without adequate input or information to and from staff. Further, from my perspective, change is not experienced in a smooth manner as suggested by change models. I have experienced change that has not appeared to move beyond the unfreezing stages (Lewin, 1947), and I have also experienced change that has regressed at different stages rather than move forward. If I were to work with employees as a change practitioner, I would highlight the realities of change so that employees are aware that there are multiple experiences in addition to ‘the prominent way of viewing this process’ (McShane Travaglione, 2007, p.502) within academic references. An example of poor reflective writing – colloquial/non-academic writing style; opinion-based without justification or explanation; lack of engagement with theory; links to references not made; generalisation of opinion. In my job I have been though a lot of change and there is no way that what the change models say is right. My experiences of change have all been bad and there is no way that anybody could have had a good experience of change. I don’t think change models are useful as they pretend that change is an easy process which is different from my opinion that no change is easy. I think I can speak for everyone when I say that managers don’t manage change properly as I have never seen the stages of any models within my organisation. This might be because my manager is a poor communicator which is what all the staff think. In my opinion, change models shouldn’t be taught to students as they can only teach students to think about change in the wrong way which doesn’t help employees who have to go through it.
Investigation of Oral Contraceptives
Investigation of Oral Contraceptives Oral Contraceptives Made by LAB GROUP: C2 Lab Instructors: A.L/ Ahmed Refaat Spring 2015 Oral Contraception: Contraception can be defined as the method of prevention of pregnancy also referred to as Birth Control medication. Mainly contraceptives are composed of hormones thus, referred to as hormonal contraceptives they consist of synthetic sex hormones female based hormones such as estrogen or progestin. Their mechanism of action is to block the process of ovulation hence, preventing pregnancy. Methods of contraception: There are a lot of contraception methods theyre mainly divided into physical-mechanical or chemical methods. Physical-mechanical methods include: Caps: it is a thin soft silicone prevents sperm penetration by covering the cervix. Male and female condoms Contraceptive Implants: flexible and small forty mm long tube. A trained professional usually inserts the implant; it stops the release of eggs from the ovary. Diaphragms: placed inside the vagina before intercourse, it covers the cervix as well. IUD: T-shaped intrauterine device placed inside the womb by a specialized professional; it terminates sperms and eggs in the fallopian tube or womb. IUS: plastic T-shaped intrauterine system placed inside the womb by a physician, it releases progestogen (steroid) that thickens the mucus in the cervix making it impossible for a sperm to penetrate it. Vaginal ring: a plastic soft and ring shaped placed inside the vagina, releases as well progestogen with the same effects as the IUS. Natural family planning Chemical methods include: Combined pills Contraceptive patches Progestogen pill Contraceptive injection There are permanent methods of contraception such as: Vasectomy in males Sterilization or sealing of the fallopian tube in females Classification of drugs is mainly based on the type of chemical or active ingredient. Oral contraceptives are classified into 3 categories: Combination (estrogen/progestin) oral contraceptives Progestin only based oral contraceptives Effects of different oral contraceptives Oral contraceptive Drugs: Ortho Micronor (Norethindrone): Drug class: It is a First generation Progestin. It is less androgenic than second generation progestin such as levonorgestrel. Mechanism of action: Ortho Micronor is a progestin-only contraceptive oral pill. It is designed for the prevention of pregnancy by suppressing ovulation in nearly half of the users, thickening the cervical mucus to prevent sperm penetration, and the reduction of LH midcycle tops FSH, it slows the motility of the ovum altering the endometrium and the fallopian tubes. Pharmacological action: Progestin oral contraceptives are used for the prevention of pregnancy. Pharmacokinetics: Serum progesterone levels peak after oral administration in about two hours, then through distribution and rapid elimination. In 24 hours after drug intake, serum levels are close to the base line, which makes the efficiency depends on rigid adherence to the dosage. There are wide variations between individual users in serum levels. The results of the progestin administration lower the levels of serum progesterone balance and a shorter half-life of the concomitant administration with estrogens. Contraindications: Carcinoma of the breast suspected pregnancy Hypersensitivity to any component of this product liver disease Drug interactions: Thyroxine concentrations inevitably decrease eventually, because there is a decrease in main binding thyroid globulin The efficacy of pills that are progestin based only is reduced by the (HEID) or hepatic enzyme-inducing drugs for example carbamazepine, anticonvulsants phenytoin, and the antituberculosis drug rifampin and barbiturates. Side-effects: Vomiting, Nausea, bloating, Vaginal bleeding, headache Plan B (levonorgestrel): Drug class: Second Generation progestin. Used worldwide and FDA approves as plan B. It has high androgenic effects. Pharmacokinetics: No particular examination of irrefutably for the bioavailability of plan B (levonorgestrel) in people has been directed. Be that as it may, writing demonstrates that levonorgestrel is quickly and totally assimilated after oral organization (bioavailability around 100%) and is not subject to first pass digestion system. After a solitary measurements of Arrangement plan B (levonorgestrel) (0.75 mg) regulated to 16 ladies under fasting conditions, greatest serum centralizations of levonorgestrel are 14.1  ± 7.7 ng/mL (mean  ± SD) at a normal of 1.6  ± 0.7 hours. Pharmacological action: Plan B is proposed to avert pregnancy after known or suspected prophylactic disappointment or unprotected intercourse. Mechanism of action: Crisis contraceptives are not successful if the lady is now pregnant. Plan B (levonorgestrel) is accepted to go about as a crisis prophylactic essentially by avoiding ovulation or preparation (by modifying tubal transport of sperm and/or ova). Whats more, it may hinder implantation (by modifying the endometrium). It is not successful once the methodology of implantation has started. Side effects: Nausea Headache Breast tenderness Fatigue Vomiting Abdominal pain Diarrhea Contraindications: It is not prescribed for utilization in the accompanying conditions: Known or suspected pregnancy Hypersensitivity to any segment of the drug Drug interactions: Hypothetically, the adequacy of low-measurement progestin-just pills is diminished by hepatic catalyst instigating medications, for example, the anticonvulsants carbamazepine, phenytoin, anti- tuberculosis and barbiturates. Yasmin (drospirenone/ethinyl estradiol): Drug class: Third generation oral contraceptive. It is mostly disliked due to dangerous side effects. Pharmacokinetics: Irrefutably the bioavailability of DRSP from a solitary element tablet is around 76%. Unquestionably the bioavailability of EE is pretty nearly 40% as a consequence of presystemic conjugation and first-pass digestion system. Indisputably the bioavailability of Yasmin, which is a mix tablet of EE and DRSP, it has not been assessed. Serum convergances of DRSP and EE arrived at top levels inside 1-2 hours after organization of Yasmin. Pharmacodynamics: Pharmacodynamic studies were not conducted specifically with Yasmin. Therapeutic use: Yasmin is demonstrated for utilization by ladies to avert pregnancy. Mechanism of action: COCs bring down the risk of getting to be pregnant basically by smothering ovulation. Other conceivable components may incorporate cervical bodily fluid changes that restrain sperm entrance and endometrial changes that decrease the probability of implantation. Side effects: Irregular uterus bleeding Headache Nausea Liver disease Breast tenderness Contraindications: Dont endorse Yasmin to ladies who are known to have the accompanying: Renal impedance Adrenal deficiency Hypertension Have breast cancer Have coronary vein illness Have thrombogenicvalvular or thrombogenic mood illnesses of the heart (for instance, subacute bacterial endocarditis with valvular malady, or atrial fibrillation) Have Diabetes mellitus Drug interactions: Substances reducing the viability of COCs: Medications or home grown items that incite certain chemicals, including cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4), may diminish the adequacy of COCs or build achievement dying. Effects of Joined Oral Contraceptives on Different Medications COCs containing EE may hinder the digestion system of different mixes. Potential to Build Serum Potassium Focus: There is a potential for an increment in serum potassium fixation in ladies bringing Yasmin with different medications. Mircette (desogestrel/ethinyl estradiol and ethinyl estradiol): Second generation Mechanism of action: The mechanism of action of it works over four directions: suppression of the gonadotropins alteration changes in the mucus which make it hard and difficult to the sperm to entire the uterus The endometrial changes that reduce the likelihood of the implantation process inhibition of ovulation from happening Pharmacokinetics: The substance desogestrel is completely and fast absorbed then converted to the active form which is etonogestrel after taking the oral route of administration the bioavailability was measured and found approximately 100%; by taking serum levels of etonogestrel . Therapeutic uses: It is used to prevent the pregnancy. Side effects: Vomiting Gastrointestinal symptoms (such as abdominal cramps and bloating) Nausea problems in menstruation process Breast changes:, enlargement, tenderness , and secretion Contraindications: Past problems concerning deep vein Thrombophlebitis or thromboembolic disorders If there is any predication for breast carcinoma or current one Drug interactions: Increase in factors ix ,vii,viii,x and prothrombin levels this will cause increase in nor adrenline induced platelets aggregation Increase in other binding proteins in serum levels Increase in the levels of thyroid binding globulin References: Contraceptives. (2015, February 17) Drugs.com Available at: http://www.drugs.com/drug-class/contraceptives.html (Accessed: 5 March 2015) Contraception. Division Of Reproductive Health. (2015, February 24) CDC Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/unintendedpregnancy/contraception.htm (Accessed: 5 March 2015) Types Of Oral Contraceptives. (2010, December 12) OralContraceptives.com Available at: http://www.oralcontraceptives.com/about_types.asp (Accessed: 5 March 2015) Contraception Guide. (2015, February 2) nhs.uk Available at: http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/contraception-guide/Pages/contraception.aspx (Accessed: 5 March 2015) Plan B. (2007, May 24) rxlist.com (Drug index) Available at: http://www.rxlist.com/plan-b-drug.htm (Accessed: 5 March 2015) Yasmin. (2012, April 23) rxlist.com (Drug index) Available at: http://www.rxlist.com/yasmin-drug.htm (Accessed: 5 March 2015) Ortho Micronor. (2008, July 24) rxlist.com (Drug index) Available at: http://www.rxlist.com/ortho-micronor-drug.htm (Accessed: 12 March 2015) Mircette. (2012, July 27) rxlist.com (Drug index) Available at: http://www.rxlist.com/mircette-drug.htm (Accessed: 12 March 2015)
Tuesday, August 20, 2019
The Abolition of Man as Wake Up Call Essay -- Abolition of Man Essays
The Abolition of Man as Wake Up Call  There are three very important ideas that C. S. Lewis explicates in his book, The Abolition of Man. The first essay focuses on moral subjectivism, the second on the Tao, and the third on the consequences of living in a morally relativist society. As a dramatic conclusion to these essays, Lewis asserts that if we do not carefully educate ourselves and accept the authority of the Tao we may become heartless men and women, incapable of governing a society of justice and values.  In the first essay, Lewis communicates his philosophy that education plays an important part in the development of ethical values. In addition to this statement, Lewis asserts that children's readers, guised as harmless texts, can convey hidden messages that have potential to harm a child's developing worldview. Much of the first essay is focused on a schoolbook Lewis called "The Green Book". Although Lewis chose a specific model for "The Green Book", it could easily be any one of a whole generation of schoolbooks. Unfortunately, instead of teaching grammar and good writing as these books profess to do, students learn moral relativism. Lewis, who supports the idea of a Tao, natural law, in the next chapter, believes that youth educated by moral relativism are actually being denied the education needed to appreciate the philosophical claim that certain objects and ideas should hold on them as human beings. Lewis believes that a good education should link their experiences to the prope r emotion. By reinforcing emotional reactions to beautiful objects, values could be ingrained in their minds. By having a system of belief in their consciousness, they were given a vaccination against savagery. Their hearts kne... ...ingrained in our minds that we should be able to choose good without having to stop and think about why we value our choice as good. Antigone is a perfect example of this; she boldly defied the law of the state put forth by Creon because she believed, without question, that her brother's dead body deserved to be buried. It is worth noting that in both of these works, and quite possibly in all of human experience, that natural law (or Tao) comes from a deep authority rather than a power of a state or of one person. In both Abolition of Man and "Antigone," the power of subjective law is always less powerful than the authority of the Tao. The abolition of man provides a clear warning to readers that we, as educated people and consumers of future "Green Books," should heed carefully.  Works Cited: Lewis, C. S. The Abolition of Man. New York: Macmillan, 1965.
Monday, August 19, 2019
Inhumanity of Mankind in Othello Essay -- essays research papers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Inhumanity of Mankind The inhumanity of mankind is displayed all throughout Othello. In every act and scene it is the main underlying theme from the simplest of degrading comments from Brabantio to the complex schemes thought up by Iag...
Sunday, August 18, 2019
Politics, Power, and Purpose in Shakespeares Measure for Measure Essay
Politics, Power, and Purpose in Shakespeare's Measure for Measure In Shakespeare's Measure for Measure, Vincentio, Duke of Vienna, observing that his Dukedom has fallen into licentiousness and chaos through his neglectful government, has pretended to leave Vienna and has turned over the government to Angelo, his upright and up-tight Deputy; and that the Duke has resolved to remain in Vienna, in disguise, so that he may observe how Angelo's character is revealed or transformed in the crucible of the power with which he has been invested. The Duke tells Friar Thomas, who is party to the plot: Lord Angelo is precise, Stands at a guard with envy, scarce confesses That his blood flows, or that his appetite Is more to bread than stone. Hence shall we see If power change purpose, what our seemers be. (1.3.5-54) My subject is how "power" changes--or at least influences--"purpose." But the "purpose" in question is not, as in the play, the government of a city or of a state, nor even (as in the case of Angelo) the government of one's psychological and physical appetites, but the creation of a work of art, of a theatrical performance. Talking about Angelo, the Duke poses his assertion as a conditional: he wishes to test "if power change purpose." My hypothesis is that, in the theatre, power does indeed change purpose. I base this hypothesis upon several premises: that the theatre, as a complex collaborative art form, depends upon the coordination of the talents and temperaments of a wide range of individuals; that, in the theatre, these individuals must be organized into a process which inescapably involves the establishment and articulation of power; that theatrical artists are, by their very nature, sensitive, e... ...ulates the other characters and, like a playwright, creates scenarios for them to play; etc., etc. I am, I believe, arguing something else altogether. The play is not alluding to its mode of performance to tell its story. The play and the performance are simply telling the same story: a story about the same power relationships that informed the process by which the performance was created. It's not that life is like the theatre. It's that the play and the performance and the theatre in general are built upon the raw materials of life: upon wayward human beings struggling to work together to live with one another in the world. The story that any production of Measure for Measure tells is that power, in the theatre as in life, changes purpose. Just as the Duke tests Angelo, when we go to the theatre, we go to see, "If power change purpose, what our seemers be."
Saturday, August 17, 2019
King Lear/Inferno
Paper Assignment #2 (Inferno / King Lear) Both Shakespeare’s King Lear and Dante’s Inferno explore the reasons for and results of human suffering. Both works postulate that human suffering comes as a result of choices that are made. That statement is not only applicable to the characters in each of the works, but also to the readers. The Inferno and King Lear speak universal truths about the human condition: that suffering is inevitable and unavoidable.While both King Lear and the Inferno concentrate on the admonitions and lamentations of human suffering, there is one key difference between the works: the Inferno has an aspect of hope that is not present in King Lear. The unavoidable aspect of human suffering is depicted brilliantly by Shakespeare in King Lear. Seemingly insignificant choices that King Lear makes throughout the play end up completely changing his life for the worse. Not only does Lear lose his kingdom, but he also loses his family and his home.His situa tion is only made worse by him not recognizing his fault in his own actions. Lear’s lack of responsibility when it comes to his own problems is best described by Kent: â€Å"It is the stars, the stars above us govern our conditions†(Shakespeare 101). Kent and Lear blame all of their suffering on the will of a higher being, neglecting that their own actions brought them to a place where they have to suffer. By not recognizing his responsibility in the events that are happening to him, Lear causes more strife for himself and those around him.He continues to make the same mistakes like falling victim to Regan and Goneril’s flattery and ignoring Cordelia’s wise words. In addition, Lear was constantly advised by the Fool and Kent not to make such poor choices. Lear’s own stubbornness prevented him from seeing the wisdom in the Fool’s words. Similarly, in the Inferno, Capaneus is a man whose punishment comes as a result of his own defiance. Capan eus was told that his fate would be to almost conquer a city, but fail. Capaneus fought against his fate and defied it, but he ended up in Hell all the same.Capaneus became his own punishment: â€Å"no torment other than your rage itself could punish your gnawing pride more perfectly†(Dante 198). Both Lear and Capaneus show excessive pride and stubbornness throughout their respective works, and fail to see their own faults. They were forewarned about their punishments, yet they continued down the path that would bring them the most suffering. Even though suffering is an inevitable part of living and there is no path in life that does not include some sort of suffering, these two men chose the ones that would bring them the most pain.The Inferno is a tale of cautionary advice. In each circle, Dante the pilgrim speaks to one of the shades that reside there and the readers learn how and why the damned have become the damned. As Dante learns from the mistakes of the damned, so d o the readers. And as Dante feels the impacts of human suffering, so do the readers. Virgil constantly encourages Dante the pilgrim to learn why the shades are in Hell and what were their transgressions while on Earth. This work’s purpose is to educate the reader.The work’s assertions on the nature of human suffering are mostly admonition, with each shade teaching Dante the pilgrim and by extension the reader not to make the same mistakes. Dante views his journey through hell as a learning experience and that is why he made it out alive. King Lear shows an extreme of human suffering. While there is some foreshadowing to the tragic end of the play and some reproof is given, the play mostly focuses on the lamentations of the characters. Edmund laments being born a â€Å"bastard†and the circumstances surrounding his birth.He believes that it is in his â€Å"nature†to be subversive, evil, and manipulative. Yet, unlike Lear, Edmund does not place the blame o f his unfortunate life on the stars: â€Å"I should have been that I am, had the maidenliest star in the firmament twinkled on my bastardizing†(Shakespeare 20). Edmund does, however, blame society for his actions, which is just as harmful as Lear blaming the stars. If anything, this play illustrates that as humans we are completely responsible for our actions and that our own suffering is a consequence of poor judgments.Both the Inferno and King Lear depict the horrific aspects of human suffering, but there is one key difference. There is a complete absence of hope in King Lear and it shows in the tragic ending of the play. Not only do most of the characters die, but also none of them achieve redemption or are able to achieve forgiveness for their actions (with the exception of Edmund). King Lear makes a discouraging statement about humanity and the extent of human suffering: that suffering is a perpetual aspect of human life and it cannot be overcome: â€Å"We that are you ng shall never see so much, nor live so long†(Shakespeare 142).This statement made by Edgar shows the hopelessness of the circumstances Edgar, Albany, and Kent have found themselves in at the end of King Lear. In the Inferno, Dante walks through Hell, literally, and comes out on the other side alive, something that no one else has been able to achieve. Dante the pilgrim and Dante the poet saw the worst of humanity and have been able to come out of the experience with hope: â€Å"I saw the lovely things the heavens hold, and we came out to see once more the stars†(Dante 383).This observation at the end of the Inferno by Dante shows that he still believes that there is good in the world and that human suffering is not all there is to life and death. Dante the poet also maintains the reader’s hope throughout the work by showing that Dante the pilgrim made it through hell: â€Å"But I remained†¦ to tell about without more evidence†(Dante 328). The Infe rno makes a powerful statement about humanity and human suffering by adding an aspect of hope to the work: even though human suffering is inevitable and unavoidable, there is hope and suffering can be overcome.Both the Inferno and King Lear have aspects of desperation, but the final tone of the works illustrates their differences. King Lear and the Inferno are both tales of human suffering that explore the depth and width of suffering. However, even though they both state that human suffering is inevitable and unavoidable, there is levity in the Inferno that is completely absent in King Lear. The final message of King Lear is the pervasiveness of human suffering and that one’s choices not only cause one’s own suffering, but can cause the suffering of others. King Lear ends on a note of eternal sadness.Inferno’s final message is a much more hopeful one: one can be touched by human suffering and one can experience human suffering, but that does not mean that all h ope is lost. In the Inferno, suffering is just one aspect of the human experience, not the only aspect, and it does not have to define one’s life. Overall these works tell us about the unpleasant, yet necessary, parts of the human experience that will affect everyone at some point in their lives, but it is how we handle human suffering that matters most. Works Cited Dante. Inferno. New York: Penguin, 2003. Print. Shakespeare, William. King Lear. New York: Penguin, 1999. Print.
Friday, August 16, 2019
My Grandparents Essay
One favorite place from my childhood that I remember fondly is my grandparents’ house. On one hand, its marvelous location is unforgettable to me. On the other hand, I have a lovely remembrance of all the fun activities my family and I did there. In addition, other memories include the delicious meals we enjoyed there. To begin, it had a marvelous location. My grandparents’ house was in Punta Cuna, one of the eastern beach cities in the Dominican Republic. The house was very near to the beach, on the top of a hill: for that reason, a fresh breeze was always blowing. It was surrounded by beautiful gardens and a huge back yard with many fruit trees on which lived a lot of birds that would delight with their trills. The view from all of the windows, which included the sea or the backyard, was marvelous. Also, my sisters and I could see the sunrise from the portal. Being a woken up by the sound of the neighbor rooster was my favorite. Not to forget the different aromas coming from the prevalent peddlers made you just want to savor all the different bouquets coming there my little pink bedroom window. In addition, my grandparents planned a lot of activities to keep us amused. We and our friends used to go to the beach every morning, and sometimes we went in the afternoons too. We played a lot of board games such as dominoes, canasta, continental and monopoly. Also, we used to play outdoors for example we did races, played hide-and-seek, and took refreshing hose showers at the backyard. My grandfather would send us out on mini scavenger hunts around the yard for different things he would hide. While we would search for them he would change them locate and then yell out â€Å" Your so freezing cold ; wrong direction†in creole, then start laugh. My grandmother would take us with her on occasion to the Marche aux Puces and we would go around and view the different Merchants who enticing fragrance would wake me up in the morning. At night we would lay under the stars in the backyard and enjoy what we bought from the Marche aux Puces. Last but not least, was the exquisite meals that we ate there. My grandfather was a wonderful cook, and he used to prepare tasteful dishes for us. We tried vegetables, seafood, and all kind of meat made for him. Sometimes, my grandparents and we went out to dinner and could taste a wide variety of meals. The beautiful location left indelible marks in our minds. The amusing time that we passed there is unforgettable. I never try again a meal with the delicious taste of my grandfather’s meal. For all of that, my grandparents’ house was in my memory as the most favorite place that I visited during my childhood.
Thursday, August 15, 2019
The Characteristics of Hemingway’s Works
The Characteristics of Hemingway’s Works Ernest Hemingway, who was awarded the Pulitzer Prize in 1953 and the Nobel Prize of Literature in 1954, occupies an outstanding position in the American literature. He is regarded as one of the most influential writers of the twentieth century. Hemingway is famous for his distinct writing style and his â€Å"Code Hero. †In addition, his many great works are based on his experiences of war. Hemingway’s writing style is arguably the most distinctive characteristic of his works. The minimalist style is the core of Hemingway’s writing style. His writing style contrasts with William Faulkner’s meticulous writing style. Margaret Anne O'Connor and John Alberti described, â€Å"If Faulkner confuses readers because he offers so many details for readers to sift through in order to understand what's going on, Hemingway confuses by offering so few†(par. 8). Hemingway developed his simple writing style while he was a reporter for the Kansas City Star. The newspaper office supported Hemingway to learn â€Å"short sentences, short paragraphs, active verbs, authenticity, compression, clarity and immediacy. Hemingway said, â€Å"Those were the best rules I ever learned for the business of writing. I've never forgotten them†(The Hemingway Resource Center par. 1). Hemingway developed â€Å"simple, direct, and somewhat plain†style. He seldom used adverbs or adjectives in his prose writing style. He eschewed using â€Å"direct statements and descriptions of emotion†and â€Å"place and things. â₠¬ In addition, he wrote terse and clear dialogue (Cooper par. 4). If one of his sentences is compared with a sentence of William Faulkner, Hemingway’s distinct writing style can be recognized easily. In a novel A Farewell to Arms, Hemingway started the first paragraph as â€Å"In the late summer of that year we lived in a house in a village that looked across the river and the plain to the mountains†(3). In contrast with Hemingway’s minimalist writing style, in a short story â€Å"A Rose for Emily,†Faulkner described Miss Emily’s house as â€Å"It was a big, squarish frame house that had once been white, decorated with cupolas and . . . what had once been our most select street†(29). Hemingway’s minimalist writing style is connected with the â€Å"Iceberg Principle. †Even though, Hemingway used simple writing style, his works are not simple. He endeavored to pare down words and convey implied meanings in few words. According to the Hemingway’s â€Å"Iceberg Principal,†the omissions of special parts of a story intensify the story. To do so, a writer should leave out special parts of story in â€Å"conscious†and make a reader recognize the abbreviated parts of story. If the reader recognizes the abbreviated parts, the reader can notice and understand the story intensely (Timeless Hemingway par. 70). Will Carroll wrote that â€Å"Hemingway hid nothing from the reader, though the reader did have to work to find it†(par. 2). According to Jeffrey Hart, Hemingway described his â€Å"Iceberg Principle†as â€Å"If a writer of prose knows enough about what he is writing about he may omit things he knows and the reader, if the writer is writing truly enough, will have a feeling of those things as strongly as though the writer had stated them. The dignity of movement of an iceberg is due to only one-eighth of it being above water†(par. 25). Another characteristic of Hemingway’s writing style is hard-boiled style. Anders Hallengren explained that â€Å"hard-boiled meant to be unfeeling, callous, coldhearted, cynical, rough, obdurate, unemotional, without sentiment†(par. ). The hard-boiled style also has close connection with Hemingway’s simple writing style. Because of his concise writing style, Hemingway could hone hard-boiled style spontaneously. Because Hemingway did not provide character’s detail thought and emotion, he described violence, cruelty, and death, whic h are discussed much in his works, unsentimentally. That is the core of the hard-boiled style. The last sentence of Hemingway’s novel A Farewell to Arms is a precise example of the â€Å"Ice Principle†and hard-boiled style. At the end of the story, Frederic Henry loses his lover Catherine Barkley during childbirth. Hemingway did not portray Frederic Henry’s sadness lengthily. Hemingway described, â€Å"After a while I went out and left the hospital and walked back to the hotel in the rain†(332). Even though, Hemingway omitted the description of Frederic’s emotion and depicted Frederic’s action unfeelingly, that sentence conveys the sadness and nothingness of Frederic intensely. Therefore, the â€Å"Iceberg Principle†and hard-boiled style helped readers grasp â€Å"a greater perception and understanding†(Timeless Hemingway par. 70). Hemingway’s characters have some features which are called the â€Å"Hemingway Code Hero. Philip Young coined a term the â€Å"Hemingway Code Hero. †He described the â€Å"Hemingway Code Hero†as whom â€Å"offers up and exemplifies certain principles of honor, courage, and endurance which in a life of tension and pain make a man a man†(Timeless Hemingway par. 19). According to the Melvin C. Miles, â€Å"Hemingway Code Hero†confronts the tragic condition with â€Å"dignity†. Although he or she is destroyed, the important thing is how he or she faces the tragic condition. He or she confronts the â€Å"destruction and death†with the â€Å"grace under pressure†(par. 15). In addition, according to the Paul Totah, Hemingway defined the â€Å"Hemingway Code Hero†as â€Å"a man who lives correctly, following the ideals of honor, courage and endurance in a world that is sometimes chaotic, often stressful, and always painful†(par. 1). Frederick Henry of A Farewell to Arms, Jake Barnes of The Sun Also Rises, and Robert Jordan of For Whom the Bell Tolls are examples of the â€Å"Hemingway Code Hero. †They â€Å"are young men whose strength and self-confidence nevertheless coexist with a sensitivity that leaves them deeply scarred by their wartime experiences†(Encyclopedia Britannica par. 12). In addition, Santiago of the novella The Old Man and the Sea is one of the finest examples of the â€Å"Hemingway Code Hero. †According to Clinton S, Santiago shows â€Å"heroic proportions. †He struggles with the giant marlin with courage, honor, and â€Å"endurance. †When sharks attack the marlin, which Santiago killed with his harpoon, he confronts hardship. In that hardship, he decides â€Å"to fight them until I die†(31). Santiago’s saying touches the core of the â€Å"Hemingway Code Hero. †Santiago says, â€Å"A man can be destroyed but not defeated†(Hemingway 103). Hemingway considered â€Å"authenticity in writing†very importantly. Hemingway thought that to write â€Å"honestly,†a writer should have firsthand experience or observation of the topic. If the writer does not have direct touch of the topic, the reader would recognize the writer’s short of the knowledge about the topic. In addition, he thought that when a writer discusses the well-known topic, he or she can get rid of the â€Å"superfluous detail without sacrificing the voice of authority†(MSN Encarta par. 9). According to the Carlos Baker, Hemingway said, â€Å"A writer’s job is to tell the truth. †In addition, Hemingway often commented that â€Å"I only know what I have seen†(85). Hemingway experienced major wars of early 20th century; his experiences from war became foundations of his great works. Thomas Putnam described that â€Å"No American writer is more associated with writing about war in the early 20th century than Ernest Hemingway. He experienced it firsthand, wrote dispatches from innumerable frontlines, and used war as a backdrop for many of his most memorable works†(par. 4). According to Elizabeth Meehan, Hemingway volunteered to be American Red Cross’s ambulance driver and was dispatched to Italy during the World War I. When he visited the Italian infantry trench, he was wounded by Austrian mortar fire. However he tried to rescue another wounded Italian soldier; he was shoot in his right leg by a machine gun (38). According to the Scott Donaldson, Philip Young insisted that â€Å"Hemingway's near fatal injury on the Italian front was a traumatic event that lay at the source of most of Hemingway's writing. †That is called â€Å"Wound Theory. †According to the â€Å"Wound Theory,†because of the trauma which Hemingway underwent in the Italian infantry trench, Hemingway â€Å"frequently†described the â€Å"confrontation with death and danger†in his works (par. 22). Hemingway’s experiences from World War I influenced his novel A Farewell to Arms. According to Elizabeth Meehan, Hemingway fell in love with Agnes Von Kurowsky who was an American nurse while Hemingway recuperated in a Milan Hospital. However, after Hemingway came back to America, she broke up their relationship via a mail (38). Among the experiences of World War I, the romance with Agnes Von Kurowsky and the injury from the Italian infantry trench became the important bases of the great novel. In A Farewell to Arms, a protagonist, Frederic Henry is an American lieutenant of Italian army medical corps. Frederic meets an English nurse Catherine Barkley whose model is Agnes Von Kurowsky. After he is wounded by mortar fire on the Italian front, he is sent to a Milan hospital. In the Milan hospital, they develop their relationship. Along with the romance, Hemingway discussed the loss of human value, disillusionment, and brutality of war in A Farewell to Arms. According to Thomas Putnam, Tobias Wolff said, â€Å"Hemingway’s great war work deals with aftermath. It deals with what happens to the soul in war and how people deal with that afterward†(par. 13). The â€Å"Lost Generation†represents the loss of morality and aimlessness of the aftermath of the World War I. The term â€Å"Lost Generation†was coined by Gertrude Stein. Gertrude Stein said, â€Å"You are all a lost generation†(Hemingway preface). Hemingway used her phrase in the preface of his novel The Sun Also Rises. Thomas Putnam described â€Å"Many regard the novel [The Sun Also Rises] as Hemingway's portrait of a generation that has lost its way, restlessly seeking meaning in a postwar world†(par. 25). Jake Barnes, a protagonist of The Sun Also Rises is an example of the â€Å"Lost Generation. †He is wounded during World War I and become impotent. Even though he loves Brett Ashley, his sexual pursuit can’t be satisfied with Brett. Barnes is a man who loses the traditional notions of morality and justice and wanders aimlessly through Paris and Spain. Hemingway had loved Spain during his lifetime. When the Spanish Civil War began, Hemingway visited Spain as a correspondent and supported the Republicans. He made a documentary film, The Spanish Earth and raised money for the Republicans. His experiences during the Spanish Civil War became the base of his novel For Whom the Bell Tolls (Special Collections par. 1). Hemingway discussed the human value, love, loss of innocence, loss of liberty, death, and brutality of war in that novel. Ernest Hemingway has distinct characteristics on his work; unique writing style, â€Å"Hemingway Code Hero,†and works which based on his experiences on war. As one of the most dominant American writers, the characteristics of his works have had a lot of influences on American life. According to the James Nagel, Hemingway’s simple writing style has given important effects to American literature. Especially, his style caused â€Å"the minimalist movement in American fiction. †Besides American fiction, Hemingway’s style has permeated on the American life. America reads newspapers and magazines which are influenced by Hemingway’s prose style and listens to the news which mirrors â€Å"Hemingway’s sparse style†(par. 6-8). In addition, according to the Foster Hirsch, Hemingway’s hard-boiled style has an important effect on the â€Å"tough crime writers†(par. 1). Hemingway’s great works which are based on his experiences of war are famed all over the world; his works announced the brutality of war. In addition, Hemingway reflected the aimless of the generation who survived the World War I. However, he did not continue to reflect the aftermath. Hemingway Code Hero†shows how to confront hardship with dignity to the people who have lost their notions of morality and justice. Works Cited †Ernest Hemingway. †Encyclop? dia Britannica. 2007. Encyclop? dia Britannica Online. 12 Oct. 2007 . â€Å"Ernest Hemingway. †Microsoft ® Encarta ® Online Encyclopedia. 2007. Microsof t Corporation. 1 Nov. 2007 . â€Å"Ernest Hemingway Biography-World War I. †The Hemingway Resource Center. 2007. The Hemingway Resource Center. 26 Oct. 2007 < http://www. lostgeneration. com/ ww1. htm>. â€Å"Ernest Hemingway FAQ. †Timeless Hemingway. 2007. Timeless Hemingway. 27 Nov 2007 < http://www. imelesshemingway. com/faq. shtml>. â€Å"Ernest Hemingway In His Time-The Spanish Civil War. †Special Collections. 2003. University of Delaware. 29 Nov. 2007 < http://www. lib. udel. edu/ud/spec/ exhibits/hemngway/spanish. htm>. Baker, Carlos. â€Å"The Way It Was. †Ernest Hemingway: Bloom’s Critical Views. Ed. Bloom. Harold. New York: Chelsea House, 1985. 85-106. Carroll, Will. â€Å"Ernest Hemingway. †American Literature Web Resources. 2001. Millikin University. 27 Nov. 2007 < http://www. millikin. edu/aci/crow/chronology/ hemingwaybio. html>. Clinton S, Burhans. Jr.. â€Å"On Santiago as A Tragic Hero. Ernest Hemingway’s The Ol d Man and the Sea. Ed. Bloom. Harold. PA: Chelsea House Publishers, 1996. 30-32. Cooper, Michael. â€Å"The Writing Style of Hemingway. †Ezine Articles. 2005. Ezine Articles. 21 Nov. 2007 < http://ezinearticles. com/? The-Writing-Style-of-Hemingway&id=70613>. Donaldson, Scott. â€Å"Ernest Hemingway. †SimonSays. com. 1998. Simon & Schuster, INC. 29 Nov. 2007 < http://www. simonsays. com/content/book. cfm? sid=33&pid= 359029>. Faulkner, William. â€Å"A Rose for Emily. †Literature: An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, Drama, and Writing. Ed. X. J. Kennedy and Dana Gioia. 10th ed. New York: Pearson Longman, 2007. 9-34. Hallengren, Anders. â€Å"A Case of Identity: Ernest Hemingway. †Nobelprize. org. 2001. Nobel Foundation. 2 Nov. 2007 < http://nobelprize. org/nobel_prizes/literature/ articles/hallengren/index. html>. Hart, Jeffrey. â€Å"Fitzgerald and Hemingway; Modernism Goes Mainstream. †The Dartmouth Review. 2006. The Dartmouth Review. 27 Nov . 2007 < http:// dartreview. com/archives/2006/11/28/fitzgerald_and_hemingway_modernism_goes_mainstream. php>. Hemingway, Ernest. A Farewell to Arms. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1969. Hemingway, Ernest. The Old Man and the Sea. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1986. Hemingway, Ernest. The Sun Also Rises. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1970. Hirsch, Foster. â€Å"Ernest Hemingway. †The Film Noir ’net. 2007. The Film Noir ’net. 2 Nov. 2007 < http://bernardschopen. tripod. com/hemingway. html>. Meehan, Elizabeth. â€Å"Ernest Hemingway: The Solitary Hero. †Twentieth-Century American Writers. CA: Lucent Books, 2000. 36-43. Miles, Melvin C. â€Å"An Introductory Overview. †The Lunatic Fringe. 2007. El Camino College. 28 Nov. 2007 < http://www. elcamino. edu/Faculty/sdonnell/hemingway. htm>. Nagel, James. â€Å"Ernest Hemingway: A Centennial Assessment. †CNN. com 1999. CNN. 12 Oct. 2007
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